Method and apparatus to determine relative location using GNSS carrier phase

ABSTRACT

Techniques are provided which may be implemented using various methods and/or apparatuses in a vehicle to determine location relative to a roadside unit (RSU) or other nearby point of reference. Vehicles within a pre-designated range or within broadcast distance or otherwise geographically proximate to a roadside unit, through the use of broadcast or other messages sent by the vehicles and/or the RSU may share carrier GNSS phase measurement data, wherein the shared GNSS carrier phase measurement data may be utilized to control and coordinate vehicle movements, velocity and/or position by the RSU and/or to determine location of each vehicle relative to the RSU and/or to other vehicles or determine the absolute location of each vehicle. An RSU may coordinate vehicle access to an intersection, manage vehicle speeds and coordinate or control vehicle actions such as slowing, stopping, and changing lanes or sending a vehicle to a particular location.

BACKGROUND 1. Field

The subject matter disclosed herein relates to automotive devices andvehicles, and more particularly to methods, messaging and apparatusesfor use in or with a vehicle to determine relative location using GlobalNavigation Satellite System (GNSS) carrier phase from other vehicles.

2. Information

Autonomous or partially autonomous cars require accurate, promptlocations of surrounding vehicles to enable automated driving and toenhance the safety, efficiency and convenience of vehiculartransportation. For example, path and maneuver planning for a vehicle toeverything (V2X)-capable vehicle (such as, for example, a cellularvehicle to everything-capable vehicle (CV2X), here referred to as thevehicle, depends on knowing the accurate inter-vehicle distances andrelative locations. The capabilities and behavior of surroundingvehicles helps determine, for example, safe intervehicle spacing andlane change maneuvering. The location and location-related measurementsof surrounding vehicles will need to be communicated, for example,through V2X application-layer standards via a set of Data elements (DEs)for vehicles to exchange capability information. However, the capabilityand method of determining location for each vehicle may vary based onmodel, brand and other factors. Furthermore, when using a globalnavigation satellite system (GNSS) for location, GNSS signals may besubject to various error factors such as multipath, ionospheric errorsand tropospheric errors that may impact the accuracy of the absolutelocation, as may be shared by each vehicle. Given, however, that oneprime objective of each vehicle is to avoid collision and to maintainsafe distances in respect to other vehicles, availability of data forrelative location (distance and direction between vehicles) may be moreuseful, in some situations, versus absolute location(latitude/longitude) particularly when the absolute location is subjectto significant error from outside factors such as dense urban reflectionof GNSS signals. Therefore, adding V2X data elements to enablecalculation of relative distance may enable vehicles to optimize timesand distances for safe inter-vehicle spacing and maneuvers.

SUMMARY

Some example techniques are presented herein which may be implemented invarious methods and apparatuses in a vehicle to determine locationrelative to a roadside unit (RSU) or other nearby point of referencethrough the use of broadcast or other messages sent by the vehiclesand/or the RSU through sharing carrier GNSS phase measurement data,wherein the shared GNSS carrier phase measurement data may be utilizedto control and coordinate vehicle movements, velocity and/or position bythe RSU and/or to determine location of each vehicle relative to the RSUand/or to other vehicles or determine the absolute location of eachvehicle. An RSU may also coordinate vehicle access to an intersection,manage vehicle speeds and coordinate or control vehicle actions such asslowing, stopping, and changing lanes or sending a vehicle to aparticular location.

In an embodiment, a method of interaction with a roadside unit maycomprise: broadcasting, from a vehicle, location information andidentification information; receiving, at the vehicle from the roadsideunit, a request for periodic GNSS measurement data or sensor-basedmeasurement data or a combination thereof; sending, from the vehicle tothe roadside unit, the periodic GNSS measurement data or thesensor-based measurement data or the combination thereof; receiving, atthe vehicle from the roadside unit, an at least one action request; andperforming the at least one requested action.

In an embodiment, a vehicle may comprise: a wireless transceiver; a GNSSreceiver; a memory; and one or more processors, communicatively coupledto the wireless transceiver, the GNSS receiver and the memory; whereinthe one or more processors are configured to: broadcast, via thewireless transceiver, location information and identificationinformation; receive, via the wireless transceiver, a request forperiodic GNSS measurement data or sensor-based measurement data or acombination thereof, from a roadside unit; send, via the wirelesstransceiver, the periodic GNSS measurement data or the sensor-basedmeasurement data or the combination thereof to the roadside unit;receive, via the wireless transceiver, at least one action request fromthe roadside unit; and perform the at least one requested action.

In an embodiment, a vehicle may comprise: means for broadcastinglocation information and identification information; means for receivinga request, for periodic GNSS measurement data or sensor-basedmeasurement data or a combination thereof, from a roadside unit; meansfor sending the periodic GNSS measurement data or the sensor-basedmeasurement data or the combination thereof to the roadside unit; meansfor receiving at least one action request from the roadside unit; andmeans for performing at least one requested action.

In an embodiment, a non-transitory computer-readable medium may havestored thereon computer-readable instructions to cause one or moreprocessors on a vehicle to: broadcast, from the vehicle, locationinformation and identification information; receive, at the vehicle, arequest, for periodic GNSS measurement data or sensor-based measurementdata or a combination thereof, from a roadside unit; send, to theroadside unit, the periodic GNSS measurement data or the sensor-basedmeasurement data or the combination thereof to the roadside unit;receive, at the vehicle, at least one action request from the roadsideunit; and perform, by the vehicle, at least one requested action.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

Non-limiting and non-exhaustive aspects are described with reference tothe following figures, wherein like reference numerals refer to likeparts throughout the various figures unless otherwise specified.

FIG. 1 illustrates a block diagram of various components and/or systemsimplemented in an exemplary vehicle.

FIG. 2 illustrates a view of an exemplary vehicle configured withvarious sensor and communications components and/or systems.

FIG. 3 illustrates a functional block level embodiment for a vehicleusing V2X to obtain GNSS measurement data for nearby cars.

FIG. 4 illustrates an exemplary system for a vehicle performing V2Xvehicle sensing, prediction, planning and execution using V2X dataelements.

FIG. 5 illustrates the use of carrier phase and/or other relativepositioning methods between vehicles and the use of a vehicle with highaccuracy position capability as a reference for absolute position toother vehicles.

FIG. 6 illustrates the use of relative positioning between vehicleswithout clear line of sight to each other.

FIG. 7 illustrates a vehicle to vehicle (V2V)-based embodiment fordetermining relative position.

FIG. 8 illustrates a sample embodiment of a process for V2V-basedrelative positioning.

FIG. 9 illustrates a broadcast-based embodiment for determining relativeposition.

FIG. 10 illustrates a sample embodiment of a process for broadcast-baseddetermination of relative position.

FIG. 11 illustrates an embodiment illustrating a hybrid system fordetermining relative position that utilizes both broadcast informationand V2V-based information.

FIG. 12 illustrates a sample embodiment of a process for a hybrid systemfor determining relative position that utilizes both broadcastinformation and V2V-based information.

FIG. 13 illustrates messaging for a hybrid system for determiningrelative position.

FIG. 14 illustrates messaging for a system that interacts with aroadside unit which performs traffic control and/or intersection control

FIG. 15 illustrates a sample embodiment of a process for determiningrelative location between vehicles.

FIG. 16 illustrates a sample embodiment of a process for using relativelocation in an interaction with a roadside unit

FIG. 17 illustrates vectors between three receivers.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Some example techniques are presented herein which may be implemented invarious methods, means and apparatuses in a vehicle. Example techniquespresented herein address various methods and apparatuses in a vehicle toprovide for or otherwise support the determination and use of vehicle toeverything (V2X) data elements to determine relative location. Exampletechniques described herein may generally apply to the V2X capabilitydata elements (DEs) describing V2X-enabled vehicle capabilities, notcurrently defined in V2X application-layer standards, including globalnavigation satellite system (GNSS) measurement information, demodulatedGNSS information and/or other GNSS-related information as will bediscussed herein. These DEs can be provided via V2X messages, forexample, such as those defined in the Surface Vehicle Standard (SVS)from the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) or and those defined inthe Intelligent Transport System (ITS) standards from the EuropeanTelecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI), and utilized for relativepositioning between vehicles. Example techniques and embodiments areprovided for determining and providing these data elements. In anembodiment, the vehicle is able to dynamically update or adjust thevalue of the GNSS measurement data elements using vehicle GNSS receiverdata and using external V2X inputs, such as data elements from othervehicles, to determine vehicle to vehicle or vehicle to roadside unit orvehicle to other device relative location as well as to provide up todate data elements over the air (OTA) to nearby vehicles or devices.

Where accurate relative position of nearby vehicles is known, it may beused to enhance safety by increasing the accuracy and reducinguncertainty relative to inter-vehicle spacing, lane changes andmaneuvers in the presence of other vehicles, thus avoiding collisions.Accurate positioning of the proximal cars (e.g., in front of thevehicle, in back of the vehicle, and on either side of the vehicle, ifpresent) thus increases safety and prevents accidents. Relativepositioning may be determined through various means such as LIDAR, RADARand camera. However, LIDAR systems are expensive and possibly subject toinclement weather blockage, camera while in more widespread use, issimilarly subject to inclement weather blockage, and RADAR tends to beforward facing and subject to blockage. Relative positioning usingGNSS-based carrier phase observations may be done quickly andinexpensively and may be utilized to verify, complement and, in somecases replace some of the afore-mentioned systems. This is particularlyattractive as GNSS receivers are widely installed in vehicles fornavigation purposes and can therefore be very cost-effectively utilizedfor relative positioning through the addition of GNSS-based carrierphase differencing technology (both to share/communicate GNSS-basedcarrier phase information and to determine relative positioningsolutions between vehicles).

GNSS-based location is subject to various factors such as multipatherror, ionospheric error, and tropospheric error. Therefore, an absolutelocation, based on GNSS, will typically have some associated uncertaintyand/or error associated with it, particularly in dense urban or otherhigh blockage areas. A GNSS-based absolute location may be verifiedand/or corrected using other technologies such as dead reckoninginformation from distance sensors (wheel ticks, etc.), accelerometer andgyro measurements, camera information, SONAR, RADAR and/or LIDAR orother both absolute and relative positioning technologies, possibly usedin conjunction with points of reference such as landmarks or roadsideunits. Some of these measurements systems such as LIDAR, RADAR and SONARsystems may be expensive to implement and may not be present on everyvehicle model. Some legacy vehicles may also not have some of theredundant location determination technologies.

GNSS-based carrier phase observations, however, may be used to determinevery accurate relative positions between two receiving antennas. In someembodiments, accuracy may be at the centimeter (cm) level. This isparticularly true, where the two antennas are relatively close andtherefore subject to the same multi-path and other error effects (suchas ionospheric and tropospheric delays), where the error effects may becalculated out/minimized by the use of two or more measurements. In thiscase, the two receiving antennas, for example located on adjacent orotherwise closely located cars, will experience some of the same erroreffects such that those error effects may be cancelled out incalculating the relative location of the two antennas (and therefore ofthe two cars).

The carrier phase measurement may be very precise; however, it cancontain very large errors as illustrated by a review of the componentscontributing to carrier phase. However, many if not most of these errorswill be shared by two near-adjacent antennas. Carrier phase may berepresented by the following formula, where Ø_(α) ^(j)(t) representscarrier phase variation measurements between antenna α and satellite j(in meters) at time t. Ø_(initial) ^(j) is the transmitted carrier phasefrom the satellite vehicle (SV j). λ is the wavelength corresponding tothe frequency of the band transmission. N_(α) ^(j) is integer carrierphase ambiguity between antenna α and satellite j. ε(Ø) is carrier phasemeasurement error due to noise and carrier phase multipath, d_(mpc)^(j). ρ_(α) ^(j)(t) is the geometric range from antenna α to satellite jat time t. dt^(j) is SV j clock error. dT_(α) is receiver α clock error.d_(orbit) ^(j) is SV j orbital error. d_(ion) ^(j) is ionospheric delay(multiplied by c, the speed of light, to convert to distance). d_(trop)^(j) is tropospheric delay (multiplied by c, the speed of light, toconvert to distance).Ø_(α) ^(j)(t)=ρ_(α) ^(j)(t)−λN _(α) ^(j) −c·(dt ^(j) +dT_(α))+Ø_(initial) ^(j) +c·d _(orbit) ^(j) +c·d _(ion) ^(j) −c·d _(trop)^(j)+ε(Ø)

Double difference may be used to reduce the impact of theabove-mentioned error sources on carrier phase measurements. In anembodiment, a carrier phase single difference may be determined bydifferencing the carrier phase measurement taken at a first vehicle withthe carrier phase measurement taken from a second vehicle. The spatiallycommon errors (i.e., those errors associated with the approximatelocation of both the first and second vehicles, assuming there arereasonably close to each other, such as satellite clock error, satelliteorbital error, tropospheric error, and ionospheric error), may beremoved or greatly reduced. A carrier phase double difference may bedetermined by differencing the single differenced carrier phasemeasurement for the first satellite with a single differenced carrierphase measurement for a second satellite. The double difference willenable errors common to a receiver (such as receiver clock bias) to becancelled. This two step differencing process is referred to as a doubledifference, Δ∇ϕ, and will enable resolution of carrier phase integerambiguity and henceforth enable centimeter level positioning accuracy.

If we introduce a third GNSS receiver (thus, having receivers 1, 2 and3), as illustrated in FIG. 17, taking carrier phase measurements, we canfurther constrain ambiguity. With three GNSS receivers, we can determinethree baselines between any two receivers, i.e., Δ∇ϕ_(1,2) ^(i,j),Δ∇ϕ_(1,3) ^(i,j), Δ∇ϕ_(2,3) ^(i,j), and hence, three correspondingdouble difference ambiguities. The ambiguity constrained according tothe following, Δ∇N_(1,2) ^(i,j)+Δ∇N_(2,3) ^(i,j)=Δ∇N_(1,3) ^(i,j), whichmay be utilized for integer ambiguity resolution thereby reducing thetime of resolution and increasing reliability. Similarly, if themeasurements from the three GNSS receivers are processed together, wecan form three position vectors between the three receivers (1, 2, and3), {right arrow over (P)}_(1,2), {right arrow over (P)}_(2,3), {rightarrow over (P)}_(1,3), where {right arrow over (P)}_(1,2)+{right arrowover (P)}_(2,3)={right arrow over (P)}_(1,3). This vector relationshipis clearly illustrated in FIG. 17. The position vector constraint may beused to accelerate baseline/ambiguity resolution and to improvereliability.

With the advent of 5G V2X (5^(th) generation radio connecting cars toeverything; V2X stands for vehicle to everything) technology,V2X-enabled vehicles will be connected to each other, enabling thesharing of information such as status, capabilities and measurement datawith low latency. Vehicles may share, in an embodiment, GNSS pseudorangeand carrier phase measurements as well as, in an embodiment, locationinformation. For example, vehicles may send GNSS pseudorange and/orcarrier phase measurements as well as, in some embodiments, other GNSSinformation from vehicle to vehicle, or broadcast from each vehicle tonearby vehicles or some combination thereof.

As discussed above, the exchange of GNSS pseudorange and carrier phaseinformation greatly enhances the accuracy of vehicle to vehicle distanceand vector determination. This information could be broadcast tovehicles within reception range or transferred vehicle to vehicle (pointto point), perhaps in response to receipt of a capabilities broadcast,or could utilize a combination of the broadcast and vehicle to vehicleinformation to reduce messaging overhead. For example, in an embodiment,location may be broadcast to vehicles in reception range where GNSSmeasurement information may be requested by vehicles that meet aproximity constraint based upon the broadcast position of a targetvehicle. In an embodiment, a request may trigger successive GNSSmeasurement transfers subject to termination based on moving past adistance threshold and/or subject to re-request past a time thresholdand/or maintained transfers as long as broadcast messaging signalstrength is greater than a threshold signal strength. By using doubledifferenced ranging between vehicles, ranging may, depending on thecircumstances, be determined with cm level accuracy.

In an embodiment the messaging elements and/or content sent be similarto the following. The messages may comprise both vehicle-specific butsatellite independent variables, as illustrated in Table 1, andsatellite dependent variables, as illustrated in Table 2, whereby thevariables of Table 2 may be transmitted for each visible satellite (fora given vehicle) or some subset thereof. In an embodiment, criteria suchas signal strength or measures of multipath may also be used to selectthe satellites with the strongest signals or the least multipath to usein double differencing calculations between vehicles. Similarly,vehicles may, in an embodiment, request GNSS measurement informationgenerally or with specificity (for example, as to which satellites).

TABLE 1 GNSS Measurements API, common data Contents Notes Vehicle IDVehicle position e.g., latitude (degrees), longitude (degrees), altitude(meters, optional) Vehicle horizontal position Units: meters uncertainty(optional) Vehicle vertical position Units: meters uncertainty(optional) Measurement time - gpsWeek Current GPS week as calculatedfrom midnight, Jan. 6, 1980. Units: Weeks. Measurement time - Amount oftime into the current GPS gpsTimeOfWeekMs week, units: millisecondsNumber of valid GNSS measurements

TABLE 2 GNSS Measurements API, per satellite vehicle (SV) data ContentsNotes Satellite vehicle (SV) ID PRN number for each SV GLONASS frequencynumber Frequency number, for GLONASS SVs only GNSS signal type GNSSsignal constellation, carrier frequency, and channel type (e.g., L1, L2,or L5 for GPS) Carrier phase Carrier phase measurement (cycle)Pseudo-range Pseudo-range measurement (m) C/N_(o) Carrier-to-noiseratio. Units: dB-Hz Loss-of-lock Loss of lock indicator

Some of the benefits of GNSS-based relative positioning include low costand leverage of the pre-existing GNSS receiver, high accuracy in opensky environments such as highways, all weather operation (not blinded byrain or snow), operation even at a distance, operation even out of sight(far away, around a corner, blocked by an object or objects or by one ormore vehicles), and no inherent interference (GNSS receivers are passiveso GNSS measurements do not interfere with other transmissions and/ormeasurements, as opposed to RADAR, for example). Also, highly accurateGNSS carrier phase-based relative positioning may be used either aloneor in combination with other technologies such as RADAR, LIDAR andcamera, which can improve positioning robustness and redundancy. GNSScarrier phase-based relative positioning, particularly in clear skyhighway conditions, may be used to calibrate the other systems such asRADAR, LIDAR and camera systems, using GNSS carrier phase-based relativepositioning to determine a relative position to a remote object todetermine truth for calibration for the camera, RADAR or LIDAR systems.This can be particularly useful in correcting for alignment issues suchas may occur if a bumper-integrated camera or radar unit is impacted andpushed out of alignment. Similarly, if GNSS carrier phase-based relativepositions may also be utilized to calibrate distance estimates forRADAR, LIDAR and camera systems.

In an embodiment, some or all of the GNSS measurements information fromTable 1 and Table 2 may be sent as V2X data elements. In an embodiment,V2X data elements (DEs) describing the GNSS measurements and data, suchas decoded GNSS satellite identification information and/or timeinformation and/or other information as noted in Tables 1 and 2 abovemay be sent, including global navigation satellite system (GNSS)measurement information, demodulated GNSS information and/or otherGNSS-related information. These data elements (DE) can be provided viaV2X messages, for example, such as those defined in the Surface VehicleStandard (SVS) from the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) or andthose defined in the Intelligent Transport System (ITS) standards fromthe European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI). In anembodiment, the shared GNSS information, such as that contained in theabove-mentioned data elements, may be and utilized for relativepositioning between vehicles and/or for vehicle control and maneuvering.

In an embodiment, the data elements may be determined using GNSSreceiver 170, of FIG. 1, for example, as may be located in the shark fin202 of vehicle 100, of FIG. 2, or elsewhere in the vehicle. The GNSSreceiver and processing, in an embodiment, may be part of the vehicleexternal sensors 302, of FIG. 3, or signal information from GNSSreceiver 170 may be processed in DSP 120 or in processor 110 or acombination thereof. The received GNSS data may be stored and/orprocessed in memory 160 in the vehicle, such as non-volatile RAM/ROM orhard drive and shared via wireless transceiver(s) 130. In an embodiment,the GNSS data may be broadcast or sent point to point to other vehicles.

As shown in FIG. 1, in an embodiment, vehicle 100, for example, a car,truck, motorcycle and/or other motorized vehicle, may transmit radiosignals to, and receive radio signals from, other vehicles 100, forexample, via V2X car to car communication (for example, using one of theCV2X vehicle to vehicle communication protocols), and/or from a wirelesscommunication network 470, in an embodiment, via wide area network (WAN)base station (BTS) and/or wireless access point 430, and/or from aroadside unit (RSU or roadside device) 425. In one example, vehicle 100(e.g., vehicle 480) may communicate, via wireless transceiver(s) 130 andwireless antenna(s) 132 with other vehicles (e.g., vehicle 490) and/orwireless communication networks by transmitting wireless signals to, orreceiving wireless signals from a remote wireless transceiver which maycomprise another vehicle 490, a wireless base transceiver subsystem(BTS) 420, e.g., a Node B or an evolved NodeB (eNodeB) or a nextgeneration NodeB (gNodeB), or wireless access point 430, over a wirelesscommunication link.

Similarly, vehicle 100 may transmit wireless signals to, or receivewireless signals from a local transceiver over a wireless communicationlink, for example, by using a wireless local area network (WLAN) and/ora personal area network (PAN) wireless transceiver, here represented byone of wireless transceiver(s) 130 and wireless antenna(s) 132. In anembodiment, wireless transceiver(s) 130 may comprise variouscombinations of WAN, WLAN and/or PAN transceivers. In an embodiment, alocal transceiver may also be a Bluetooth transceiver, a ZigBeetransceiver, or other PAN transceiver. In an embodiment, vehicle 100 maytransmit wireless signals to, or receive wireless signals from awireless transceiver 130 on a vehicle 100 over wireless communicationlink 134. A local transceiver, a WAN wireless transceiver and/or amobile wireless transceiver may comprise a WAN transceiver, an accesspoint (AP), femtocell, Home Base Station, small cell base station, HomeNode B (HNB), Home eNodeB (HeNB) or next generation NodeB (gNodeB) andmay provide access to a wireless local area network (WLAN, e.g., IEEE802.11 network), a wireless personal area network (PAN, e.g., Bluetooth®network) or a cellular network (e.g. an LTE network or other wirelesswide area network such as those discussed in the next paragraph). Ofcourse, it should be understood that these are merely examples ofnetworks that may communicate with a vehicle over a wireless link, andclaimed subject matter is not limited in this respect. It is alsounderstood that wireless transceiver 130 may be located on variousvehicles 100 boats, ferries, cars, buses, drone and various transportvehicles. In an embodiment, the vehicle 100 may be utilized forpassenger transport, package transport or other purposes. In anembodiment, GNSS signals 174 from GNSS Satellites are utilized byvehicle 100 for location determination and/or for the determination ofGNSS signal parameters and demodulated data. In an embodiment, signals134 from WAN transceiver(s), WLAN and/or PAN local transceivers are usedfor location determination, alone or in combination with GNSS signals174.

Examples of network technologies that may support wireless transceivers130 are Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), Code DivisionMultiple Access (CDMA), Wideband CDMA (WCDMA), Long Term Evolution LTE),5^(th) Generation Wireless (5G) or New Radio Access Technology (NR),High Rate Packet Data (HRPD), and V2X car to car communication. V2Xcommunication protocols may be defined in various standards such as SAEand ETS-ITS standards. GSM, WCDMA and LTE are technologies defined by3GPP. CDMA and HRPD are technologies defined by the 3^(rd) GenerationPartnership Project 2 (3GPP2). WCDMA is also part of the UniversalMobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) and may be supported by an HNB.

Wireless transceivers 130 may communicate with communications networksvia WAN wireless base stations which may comprise deployments ofequipment providing subscriber access to a wireless telecommunicationnetwork for a service (e.g., under a service contract). Here, a WANwireless base station may perform functions of a wide area network (WAN)or cell base station in servicing subscriber devices within a celldetermined based, at least in part, on a range at which the WAN wirelessbase station is capable of providing access service. Examples of WANbase stations include GSM, WCDMA, LTE, CDMA, HRPD, WiFi, BT, WiMax,and/or 5^(th) Generation (5G) NR base stations. In an embodiment,further wireless base stations may comprise a wireless LAN (WLAN) and/orPAN transceiver.

In an embodiment, vehicle 100 may contain multiple wireless transceiversincluding WAN, WLAN and/or PAN transceivers. In an embodiment, radiotechnologies that may support wireless communication link or linksfurther comprise Wireless local area network (e.g., WLAN, e.g., IEEE802.11), Bluetooth (BT) and/or ZigBee.

In an embodiment, vehicle 100 may contain one or more cameras 135. In anembodiment, the camera may comprise a camera sensor and mountingassembly. Different mounting assemblies may be used for differentcameras on vehicle 100. For example, front facing cameras may be mountedin the front bumper, in the stem of the rear-view mirror assembly or inother front facing areas of the vehicle 100. Rear facing cameras may bemounted in the rear bumper/fender, on the rear windshield, on the trunkor other rear facing areas of the vehicle. The side facing mirrors maybemounted on the side of the vehicle such as being integrated into themirror assembly or door assemblies. The cameras may provide objectdetection and distance estimation, particularly for objects of knownsize and/or shape (e.g., a stop sign and a license plate both havestandardized size and shape) and may also provide information regardingrotational motion relative to the axis of the vehicle such as during aturn. When used in concert with the other sensors, the cameras may bothbe calibrated through the use of other systems such as through the useof LIDAR, wheel tick/distance sensors, and/or GNSS to verify distancetraveled and angular orientation. The cameras may similarly be used toverify and calibrate the other systems to verify that distancemeasurements are correct, for example by calibrating against knowndistances between known objects (landmarks, roadside markers, road milemarkers, etc.) and also to verify that object detection is performedaccurately such that objects are accordingly mapped to the correctlocations relative to the car by LIDAR and other system. Similarly, whencombined with, for example, accelerometers, impact time with roadhazards, may be estimated (elapsed time before hitting a pot hole forexample) which may be verified against actual time of impact and/orverified against stopping models (for example, compared against theestimated stopping distance if attempting to stop before hitting anobject) and/or maneuvering models (verifying whether current estimatesfor turning radius at current speed and/or a measure of maneuverabilityat current speed are accurate in the current conditions and modifyingaccordingly to update estimated parameters based on camera and othersensor measurements).

Accelerometers, gyros and magnetometers 140, in an embodiment, may beutilized to provide and/or verify motion and directional information.Accelerometers and gyros may be utilized to monitor wheel and drivetrain performance. Accelerometers, in an embodiment, may also beutilized to verify actual time of impact with road hazards such aspotholes relative to predicted times based on existing stopping andacceleration models as well as steering models. Gyros and magnetometersmay, in an embodiment, be utilized to measure rotational status of thevehicle as well as orientation relative to magnetic north, respectively,and to measure and calibrate estimates and/or models for turning radiusat current speed and/or a measure of maneuverability at current speed,particularly when used in concert with measurements from other externaland internal sensors such as other sensors 145 such as speed sensors,wheel tick sensors, and/or odometer measurements.

A light detection and ranging (LIDAR) system 150 uses pulsed laser lightto measure ranges to objects. While cameras may be used for objectdetection, LIDAR system 150 provides a means, to detect the distances(and orientations) of the objects with more certainty, especially inregard to objects of unknown size and shape. LIDAR system 150measurements may also be used to estimate rate of travel, vectordirections, relative position and stopping distance by providingaccurate distance measurements and delta distance measurements.

Memory 160 may be utilized with processor 110 and/or DSP 120. which maycomprise FLASH, RAM, ROM, disc drive, or FLASH card or other memorydevices or various combinations thereof. In an embodiment, memory 160may contain instructions to implement various methods describedthroughout this description including, for example, processes toimplement the use of relative positioning between vehicles and betweenvehicles and external reference objects such as roadside units. In anembodiment, memory may contain instructions for operating andcalibrating sensors, and for receiving map, weather, vehicular (bothvehicle 100 and surrounding vehicles) and other data, and utilizingvarious internal and external sensor measurements and received data andmeasurements to determine driving parameters such as relative position,absolute position, stopping distance, acceleration and turning radius atcurrent speed and/or maneuverability at current speed, inter-cardistance, turn initiation/timing and performance, and initiation/timingof driving operations.

In an embodiment, power and drive systems (generator, battery,transmission, engine) and related systems 175 and systems (brake,actuator, throttle control, steering, and electrical) 155 may becontrolled by the processor(s) and/or hardware or software or by anoperator of the vehicle or by some combination thereof. The systems(brake, actuator, throttle control, steering, electrical, etc.) 155 andpower and drive or other systems 175 may be utilized in conjunction withperformance parameters and operational parameters, to enableautonomously (and manually, relative to alerts and emergencyoverrides/braking/stopping) driving and operating a vehicle 100 safelyand accurately, such as to safely, effectively and efficiently mergeinto traffic, stop, accelerate and otherwise operate the vehicle 100. Inan embodiment, input from the various sensor systems such as camera 135,accelerometers, gyros and magnetometers 140, LIDAR 150, GNSS receiver170, RADAR 153, input, messaging and/or measurements from wirelesstransceiver(s) 130 and/or other sensors 145 or various combinationsthereof, may be utilized by processor 110 and/or DSP 120 or otherprocessing systems to control power and drive systems 175 and systems(brake actuator, throttle control, steering, electrical, etc.) 155.

A global navigation satellite system (GNSS) receiver may be utilized todetermine position relative to the earth (absolute position) and, whenused with other information such as measurements from other objectsand/or mapping data, to determine position relative to other objectssuch as relative to other cars and/or relative to the road surface.

In an embodiment, GNSS receiver 170 may support one or more GNSSconstellations as well as other satellite-based navigation systems. Forexample, in an embodiment, GNSS receiver 170 may support globalnavigation satellite systems such as the Global Positioning System(GPS), the Global'naya Navigatsionnaya Sputnikovaya Sistema (GLONASS),Galileo, and/or BeiDou, or any combination thereof. In an embodiment,GNSS receiver 170 may support regional navigation satellite systems suchas NAVIC or QZSS or combination thereof as well as various augmentationsystems (e.g., satellite based augmentation systems (SBAS) or groundbased augmentation systems (GBAS)) such as doppler orbitography andradio-positioning integrated by satellite (DORIS) or wide areaaugmentation system (WAAS) or the European geostationary navigationoverlay service (EGNOS) or the multi-functional satellite augmentationsystem (MSAS) or the local area augmentation system (LAAS). In anembodiment, GNSS receiver(s) 130 and antenna(s) 132 may support multiplebands and sub-bands such as GPS L1, L2 and L5 bands, Galileo E1, E5, andE6 bands, Compass (BeiDou) B1, B3 and B2 bands, GLONASS G1, G2 and G3bands, and QZSS L1C, L2C and L5-Q bands.

The GNSS receiver 170 may be used to determine location and relativelocation which may be utilized for location, navigation, and tocalibrate other sensors, when appropriate, such as for determiningdistance between two time points in clear sky conditions and using thedistance data to calibrate other sensors such as the odometer and/orLIDAR. In an embodiment, GNSS-based relative locations, based on, forexample shared doppler and/or pseudorange measurements between vehicles,may be used to determine highly accurate distances between two vehicles,and when combined with vehicle information such as shape and modelinformation and GNSS antenna location, may be used to calibrate,validate and/or affect the confidence level associated with informationfrom LIDAR, camera, RADAR, SONAR and other distance estimationtechniques. GNSS doppler measurements may also be utilized to determinelinear motion and rotational motion of the vehicle or of the vehiclerelative to another vehicle, which may be utilized in conjunction withgyro and/or magnetometer and other sensor systems to maintaincalibration of those systems based upon measured location data. RelativeGNSS positional data may also be combined with high confidence absolutelocations from roadside devices 425, also known as roadside units orRSU, to determine high confidence absolute locations of the vehicle.Furthermore, relative GNSS positional data may be used during inclementweather that may obscure LIDAR and/or camera-based data sources to avoidother vehicles and to stay in the lane or other allocated road area. Forexample, using an RSU equipped with GNSS receiver and V2X capability,GNSS measurement data may be provided to the vehicle, which, if providedwith an absolute location of the RSU, may be used to navigate thevehicle relative to a map, keeping the vehicle in lane and/or on theroad, in spite of lack of visibility.

Radio detection and ranging, Radar 153, uses transmitted radio wavesthat are reflected off of objects. The reflected radio waves areanalyzed, based on the time taken for reflections to arrive and othersignal characteristics of the reflected waves to determine the locationof nearby objects. Radar 153 may be utilized to detect the location ofnearby cars, roadside objects (signs, other vehicles, pedestrians, etc.)and will generally enable detection of objects even if there isobscuring weather such as snow, rail or hail. Thus, a radar system 153may be used to complement LIDAR 150 systems and camera 135 systems inproviding ranging information to other objects by providing ranging anddistance measurements and information when visual-based systemstypically fail. Furthermore, radar 153 may be utilized to calibrateand/or sanity check other systems such as LIDAR system 155 and camera135. Ranging measurements from radar 153 may be utilized todetermine/measure stopping distance at current speed, acceleration,maneuverability at current speed and/or turning radius at current speedand/or a measure of maneuverability at current speed. In some systems,ground penetrating radar may also be used to track road surfaces via,for example, RADAR-reflective markers on the road surface or terrainfeatures such as ditches.

As shown in FIG. 2, in an embodiment, vehicle 100 may have camera(s)such as rear view mirror-mounted camera 1006, front fender-mountedcamera (not shown), side mirror-mounted camera (not shown) and a rearcamera (not shown, but typically on the trunk, hatch or rear bumper).Vehicle 100 may also have LIDAR system 204, for detecting objects andmeasuring distances to those objects; LIDAR system 204 is oftenroof-mounted, however, if there are multiple LIDAR units 204, they maybe oriented around the front, rear and sides of the vehicle. Vehicle 100may have other various location-related systems such as a GNSS receiver170 (typically located in the shark fin unit on the rear of the roof),various wireless transceivers (such as WAN, WLAN, V2X; typically but notnecessarily located in the shark fin) 202, RADAR system 208 (typicallyin the front bumper), and SONAR 210 (typically located on both sides ofthe vehicle, if present). Various wheel 212 and drive train sensors mayalso be present, such as tire pressure sensors, accelerometers, gyros,and wheel rotation detection and/or counters. In an embodiment, distancemeasurements and relative locations determined via various sensors suchas LIDAR, RADAR, camera, GNSS and SONAR, may be combined with automotivesize and shape information and information regarding the location of thesensor to determine distances and relative locations between thesurfaces of different vehicles, such that a distance or vector from asensor to another vehicle or between two different sensors (such as twoGNSS receivers) is incrementally increased to account for the positionof the sensor on each vehicle. Thus, an exact GNSS distance and vectorbetween two GNSS receivers would need to be modified based upon therelative location of the various car surfaces to the GNSS receiver. Forexample, in determining the distance between a rear car's front bumperand a leading car's rear bumper, the distance would need to be adjustedbased on the distance between the GNSS receiver and the front bumper onthe following car, and the distance between the GNSS receiver of thefront car and the rear bumper of the front car. E.g., the distancebetween the front car's rear bumper and the following car's front bumperis the relative distance between the two GNSS receivers minus the GNSSreceiver to front bumper distance of the rear car and minus the GNSSreceiver to rear bumper distance of the front car. It is realized thatthis list is not intended to be limiting and that FIG. 2 is intended toprovide exemplary locations of various sensors in an embodiment ofvehicle 100. In addition, further detail in regard to particular sensorsis described relative to FIG. 1.

As shown in FIG. 3, in an embodiment, vehicle 100 may receive vehicleand environment information from vehicle external sensors 302, vehicleinternal sensors 304, vehicle capabilities 306, external wirelessinformation such as the location of adjacent vehicles and GNSSmeasurement information 308 (from the environment, from other vehicles,from roadside devices/units (RSUs), from system servers) and/or fromvehicle motion state 310 (describing current and/or future motionstates). The received vehicle, sensor, and environment information may,in an embodiment, be processed in one or more processor(s) 110, DSP(s)120 and memory, connected and configured to provide external objectsensing and classification, prediction and planning, and maneuverexecution, as well as to determine and update V2X or other wireless dataelement values, including GNSS data element values, and to transmit, viaone or more wireless transceivers 130, messaging including thedetermined data elements. The messaging and data elements may be sentand received via various means, protocols and standards, such as via SAEor ETSI CV2X messages and data elements or other wireless and wirelessV2X protocols supported by wireless transceiver(s) 130. Also, note that,when used in the context of this specification, the term ego vehiclerefers to vehicle 100.

Inter-vehicle relative location determination block 328 comprises block330 for determining which vehicles are within processing range and 332for determining the relative location of vehicles in processing range.In an embodiment, GNSS data is exchanged with vehicles in processingrange, or other devices such as roadside units, as determined by block330, where the received GNSS data from vehicles within processing rangeis used to determine and/or verify and/or increase the accuracy of arelative location associated with other vehicles or devices inprocessing range in block 332. In one embodiment, determining vehicles(or other devices) within processing range block 330 may utilizebroadcast location information such as broadcast latitude and longitudefrom nearby vehicles or other devices and location information forvehicle 100 to determine an approximate relative location and/or anapproximate range between vehicles, such as may be used to determine awhether a vehicle is within a threshold range. For vehicles within athreshold range, a more accurate relative location may be calculatedusing shared GNSS measurements and/or other sensors on the vehicle. Thethreshold range may be preset, or may be dynamic, based on speed, roadsurface conditions and other factors. The threshold range may be anestimated distance or may be based on other factors related to distancesuch as a threshold signal strength or a timing-related measurementbased on wireless signal-based round trip time (RTT) or time of arrival(TOA). A more accurate relative location of and range to each nearbyvehicle within processing range may be determined using GNSS datareceived from vehicles in processing range, as described above, such asvia carrier phase double differencing and/or by using constrainedrelationships, such as three-way vehicle constrained vectorrelationships. The measurements may also be modified to account for thedistance between the vehicle surface and the mounting location of theGNSS antenna on the vehicle. Wireless information, such as V2Xinformation, from other vehicles may, in an embodiment, be provided viawireless transceiver(s) 130 and may, in an embodiment, be receivedand/or exchanged with other vehicles via inter-vehicle negotiation.

In various embodiments, processing range may be determined in varyingand/or multiple ways, for example, depending on the processing power ofthe receiving vehicle or device and the safety and informationalrequirements of the receiving vehicle or device. In an embodiment,processing range may be determined by a threshold distance or rangewithin which, the vehicles or devices will send and/or exchange GNSSdata and use that GNSS data to calculate precise relative distancesbetween the vehicles and/or devices. In an embodiment, processing rangemay be selected to encompass nearby or adjacent vehicles. In anembodiment, processing range may be selected to encompass any vehiclesthat may pose a potential collision risk such as vehicles on either sideand in front and in back of the vehicle and/or including vehicles in anon-parallel path that may be further away, such as those on aperpendicular and intersecting street or those on the same street butgoing in the opposing direction as well as those directly adjacent tothe vehicle. In some embodiments, the mapping data will also beconsidered, such that vehicles going in the opposite direction on thesame road may be monitored even though the road may turn and theircurrent directions are not perpendicular. In some embodiments, GNSSinformation may be broadcast to all vehicles and/or devices in receptionrange, where reception range becomes equivalent to processing range; insuch an embodiment, it may the receiving device may still impose a rangeor other selection criteria to decide if a more accurate relativelocation based upon GNSS measurements should be calculated. In anembodiment, the processing range may be variable, increasing when thereare fewer cars nearby and decreasing when there are many cars nearby, inan embodiment, possibly based on a maximum processing burden imposed byreceiving device on how many ranges will be tracked simultaneously. Inan embodiment, a vehicle may request GNSS measurement information forvehicles or devices outside of a nominal processing range, for example,to monitor traffic at a distance or to track an erratic vehicle or forother more specialized requests.

In an embodiment, other vehicle-related input sources, such as servers455, 445, 460, 450, and 440, may provide information such as vehicleinformation, routing, location assistance, map data and environmentaldata and provide input on and/or complement and/or be used inconjunction with the other inputs, for example road location data, mapdata, driving condition data and other vehicle-related data inputs, usedin conjunction with inter-vehicle maneuver coordination 324 to determinemaneuver execution 326. In an embodiment, the map data may includelocations of roadside units relative to the road location, where thevehicle may utilize relative GNSS-based positioning between a roadsidedevice/roadside unit in combination with the map data to determinepositioning relative to the road surface, particularly in situationswhere other systems may fail such as due to low visibility weatherconditions (snow, rain, sandstorm, etc.). It is understood that theterms roadside unit and roadside device may be used interchangeably torefer to stationary reference, control and/or messaging devices. In anembodiment, map data from map server 450 may be utilized in conjunctionwith relative and/or absolute data from neighboring vehicles and/or froma roadside unit (RSU) 425 to determine high confidence absolute locationfor a plurality of vehicles and relative location with respect to theroad/map. For example, if vehicle A 480 has high accuracy/highconfidence location than other vehicles in communication with vehicle A480, such as vehicle B 490 may use GNSS information for a highlyaccurate relative location and the highly accurate location from vehicleA 480 sent to vehicle B 490 to determine a highly accurate location forvehicle B 490, even if the systems of vehicle B 490 are otherwise unableto calculate a highly accurate location in a particular situation orenvironment. In this situation, the presence of vehicle A with a highlyaccurate location determination system provides benefits to allsurrounding vehicles by sharing one or more highly accurate locationsalong with ongoing relative location information. Furthermore, assumingthe map data from map server 450 is accurate, the ability to propagatehighly accurate location data from vehicle A 480 to surrounding vehiclessuch as vehicle B 490 enables the surrounding vehicles to alsoaccurately determine their relative location versus the map data, evenin otherwise troublesome signal/location environments. Vehicleinformation server 455 may provide vehicle information such as size,shape, and antenna location which may be utilized, for example, byvehicle A or other vehicles to determine not just the relative locationbetween the GNSS receiver on vehicle A 480 and, for example, vehicle B490, but also the distance between the closest points of Vehicle A 480and Vehicle B 490. In an embodiment, traffic information from thetraffic control and optimization server 465 may be utilized to determineoverall path selection and rerouting, used in conjunction with routeserver 445 (in an embodiment). In an embodiment, environmental dataserver 440 may provide input on road conditions, black ice, snow, wateron the road and other environmental conditions which may also impact thedecisions and decision criteria in inter-vehicle maneuver coordinationblock 325 and maneuver execution block 326. For example, in icy or rainyconditions, the vehicle 100 may execute and/or request increasedinter-vehicle distance from adjacent vehicles or may choose routeoptions that avoid road hazard conditions such as black ice and standingwater.

Blocks 330 and 332 may be implemented using various dedicated orgeneralized hardware and software, such as using processor 110 and/orDSP 120 and memory 160 or, in an embodiment, in specialized hardwareblocks such as dedicated sensor processing and/or vehicle messagingcores. As previously discussed, in block 330, vehicles within processingrange may be determined through various means such as based onsignal-based timing measurements such as RTT and TOA, signal strength ofa broadcast signal for the other vehicle, and a distance determinedbased upon broadcast latitude and longitude from a neighboring vehicleand the current location of the vehicle. In block 332, the relativelocation of other vehicles relative to the vehicle location may bedetermined based on various sensor measurements including, but notnecessarily limited to GNSS measurements (such as doppler and phasemeasurements) from the other vehicle and may also utilize other sensormeasurements such as LIDAR, RADAR, SONAR and camera measurements. In anembodiment, some or all of blocks 302, 304, 306, 308 and/or 310 may havededicated processing cores, for example, to improve performance andreduce measurement latency. In an embodiment, some or all of blocks 302,304, 306, 308 and/or 310 may share processing with blocks 330 and 332.

Vehicle external sensors 302 may comprise, in some embodiments, cameras206, LIDAR system 204, RADAR system 208, proximity sensors, rainsensors, weather sensors, GNSS receiver 170 and received data used withthe sensors such as map data, environmental data, location, route and/orother vehicle information such as may be received from other vehicles,devices and servers such as, in an embodiment, map server 450, routeserver 445, vehicle information server 455, environmental data server440, location server 460, and/or from associated devices such as mobiledevice 400, which may be present in or near to the vehicle such asvehicle A 480. For example, in an embodiment, mobile device 400 mayprovide an additional source of GNSS measurements, may provide anadditional source of motion sensor measurements, or may provide networkaccess as a communication portal to a WAN, WiFi or other network, and asa gateway to various information servers such as servers 440, 445, 450,455, 460, and/or 465. It is understood that the vehicle 100 may containone or a plurality of cameras. In an embodiment, a camera may be frontfacing, side facing, rear facing or adjustable in view (such as arotatable camera). In an embodiment, there may be multiple cameras 206facing the same plane. For example, the cameras 206 and bumper-mountedcamera at 208 may comprise two front facing cameras, one focused onlower objects and/or a lower point of view (such as bumper mounted) forparking purposes and one focusing on a higher point of view such as totrack traffic, other vehicles, pedestrians and more distant objects. Inan embodiment, various views may be stitched and/or may be correlatedagainst other inputs such as V2X input from other vehicles to optimizetracking of other vehicles and external entities and objects and/or tocalibrate sensor systems against each other. LIDAR system 204 may beroof mounted and rotating or may be focused on a particular point ofview (such as front facing, rear facing, side facing). LIDAR system 204may be solid state or mechanical. Proximity sensors may be ultrasonic,radar-based, light-based (such as based on infrared range finding),and/or capacitive (surface touch oriented or capacitive detection ofmetallic bodies). Rain and Weather sensors may include various sensingcapabilities and technologies such as barometric pressure sensors,moisture detectors, rain sensors, and/or light sensors and/or mayleverage other pre-existing sensor systems. GNSS receivers may beroof-mounted, such as in the fin antenna assembly at the rear of theroof of a car, hood or dash mounted or otherwise placed within theexterior or interior of the vehicle.

In an embodiment, vehicle internal sensors 304 may comprise wheelsensors 212 such as tire pressure sensors, brake pad sensors, brakestatus sensors, speedometers and other speed sensors, heading sensorsand/or orientation sensors such as magnetometers and geomagneticcompasses, distance sensors such as odometers and wheel tic sensors,inertial sensors such as accelerometers and gyros as well as inertialpositioning results using the above-mentioned sensors, and yaw, pitchand/or roll sensors as may be determined individually or as determinedusing other sensor systems such as accelerometers, gyros and/or tiltsensors.

Both vehicle internal sensors 304 and vehicle external sensors 302 mayhave shared or dedicated processing capability. For example, a sensorsystem or subsystem may have a sensor processing core or cores thatdetermines, based on measurements and other inputs from accelerometers,gyros, magnetometers and/or other sensing systems, car status valuessuch as yaw, pitch, roll, heading, speed, acceleration capability and/ordistance, and/or stopping distance. The different sensing systems maycommunicate with each other to determine measurement values or sendvalues to block 330 to combine measurement values and determinecapability value(s) as a function of inputs. The car status valuesderived from measurements from internal and external sensors may befurther combined with car status values and/or measurements from othersensor systems using a general or applications processor. For example,blocks 330, 332 and/or 324 or may be implemented on a dedicated or acentralized processor to determine data element values for V2X messagingwhich may be sent utilizing wireless transceivers 130 or via othercommunication transceivers. In an embodiment, the sensors may besegregated into related systems, for example, LIDAR, RADAR, motion,wheel systems, etc., operated by dedicated core processing for rawresults to output car status values from each core that are combined andinterpreted to derive combined car status values, including capabilitydata elements and status data elements, that may be used to control orotherwise affect car operation and/or as messaging steps shared withother vehicles and/or systems via V2X or other messaging capabilities.These messaging capabilities may be based on, in an embodiment, avariety of wireless-related, light-related or other communicationstandards, such as those supported by wireless transceiver(s) 130 andantenna(s) 132.

In an embodiment, vehicle capabilities 306 may comprise performanceestimates for stopping, breaking, acceleration, and turning radius, andautonomous and/or non-autonomous status and/or capability orcapabilities. The capability estimates may be based upon storedestimates, which may be loaded, in an embodiment, into memory. Theseestimates may be based on empirical performance numbers, either for aspecific vehicle, or for averages across one or more vehicles, and/orone or more models for a given performance figure. Where performanceestimates for multiple models are averaged or otherwise combined, theymay be chosen based on similar or common features. For example, vehicleswith similar or the same weight and the same or similar drive train mayshare performance estimates for drive-performance related estimates suchas breaking/stopping distance, turning radius, and accelerationperformance. Vehicle performance estimates may also be obtained, forexample, using external V2X input(s) 308, over a wireless network fromvehicular data servers on the network. This is particularly helpful toobtain information for vehicles that are not wireless capable and cannotprovide vehicular information directly. In an embodiment, vehiclecapabilities 306 may also be influenced by car component status such astire wear, tire brand capabilities, brake pad wear, brake brand andcapabilities, and engine status. In an embodiment, vehicle capabilities306 may also be influenced by overall car status such as speed, headingand by external factors such as road surface, road conditions (wet, dry,slipperiness/traction), weather (windy, rainy, snowing, black ice, slickroads, etc.). In many cases, wear, or other system degradation, andexternal factors such as weather, road surface, road conditions, etc.may be utilized to reduce, validate or improve performance estimateswhen determining capability value(s) as a function of inputs 330. Insome embodiments, actual measured vehicle performance such as measuringvehicular stopping distance and/or acceleration time per distance, maybe measured and/or estimated based on actual vehicular driving-relatedperformance. In an embodiment, more recently measured performance may beweighted more heavily or given preference over older measurements, ifmeasurements are inconsistent. Similarly, in an embodiment, measurementstaken during similar conditions such as in the same type of weather oron the same type of road surface as is currently detected by thevehicle, such as via vehicle external sensors 302 and/or vehicleinternal sensors 304, may be weighted more heavily and/or givenpreference in determining capability value(s) as a function of inputs330.

The determined capability value(s), as determined as a function ofinputs in block 330, are provided to block 332, update V2X capabilitydata element(s), location information and/or GNSS measurement data may,in an embodiment, be sent via block 324, V2X inter-vehicle negotiation,as may be implemented via various means, such as via communication overwireless transceiver 130 and utilizing various V2X messaging standards,such as via SAE or ETSI CV2X messages and data elements. In anembodiment, one or more processor(s) 30 and/or DSP(s) 120 and memory160, and the systems described herein, or means therefore, may beconnected and configured to perform the processes described in regard toFIG. 3 and throughout this specification. Capability values as afunction of inputs 330 may be modified into different data formatsand/or units and/or may require other conversion or combination of oneor more capability values prior to being utilized as V2X capability dataelements. Adjusting data formats and/or units and/or conversion orcombination of one or more capability values may be performed, in anembodiment, in processor(s) 110 and update V2X capability data elementblock 332 or elsewhere in the architecture.

V2X vehicle sensing, prediction, planning execution 312 handles thereceipt and processing of information from blocks 302, 304, 306, 308 and310, via external object sensing and classification block 314, in partutilizing sensor fusion and object classification block 316 tocorrelate, corroborate and/or combine data from input blocks 302, 304,306, 308 and 310. Block 314 external object sensing and classificationdetermines objects present, determines type of objects (car, truck,bicycle, motorcycle, pedestrian, animal, etc.) and/or object statusrelative to the vehicle, such as movement status, proximity, heading,and/or position relative to the vehicle, size, threat level, andvulnerability priority (a pedestrian would have a higher vulnerabilitypriority versus road litter, for example). In an embodiment, block 314may utilize GNSS measurements from other vehicles to determine therelative positioning to other vehicles. This output from block 314 maybe provided to prediction and planning block 318, which determinesdetected objects and vehicles and their associated trajectory via block320 and determines vehicle maneuver and path planning in block 322, theoutputs of which are utilized in block 326 vehicle maneuver executioneither directly or via V2X inter-vehicle negotiation block 324, whichwould integrate and account for maneuver planning, location and statusreceived from other vehicles. V2X inter-vehicle negotiation accounts forthe status of neighboring vehicles and enables negotiation andcoordination between neighboring or otherwise impacted vehicles based onvehicle priority, vehicle capabilities (such as the ability to stop,decelerate or accelerate to avoid collision), and, in some embodiments,various conditions such as weather conditions (rainy, foggy, snow,wind), road conditions (dry, wet, icy, slippery). These include, forexample, negotiation for timing and order to pass through anintersection between cars approaching the intersection, negotiation forlane change between adjacent cars, negotiation for parking spaces,negotiation for access to directional travel on a single lane road or topass another vehicle. Inter-vehicle negotiation may also includetime-based and/or distance-based factors such as appointment time,destination distance and estimated route time to reach destination, and,in some embodiments, type of appointment and importance of theappointment.

As highlighted in FIG. 4, the vehicle may communicate over variousnetworks and with various devices and servers. In an embodiment, V2Xvehicle A 480 may communicate, using V2X or other wireless communicationtransceiver over link 423, with V2X or otherwisecommunication-transceiver-enabled vehicle B 490, for example, in anembodiment to perform inter-vehicle relative positioning, negotiationfor lane changes or for passage through an intersection, and to exchangeV2X data elements such as GNSS measurements, vehicle status, vehiclelocation and vehicle abilities, measurement data, and/or calculatedstatus, and to exchange other V2X vehicle status steps not covered inthe V2X capability data elements. In an embodiment, vehicle A may alsocommunicate with vehicle B through a network, for example, via basestation 420 and/or access point 430, or via a communication-enabledroadside device (RSU) 425, any of which may relay communication,information and/or convert protocols for use by other vehicles, such asvehicle B, particularly in an embodiment where vehicle B is not capableof communicating directly with vehicle A 480 in a common protocol. In anembodiment, vehicle A 480 may also communicate with roadside device(s)425 such as, in various embodiments, various roadside beacons, trafficand/or vehicular monitors, traffic control devices, and locationbeacons.

In an embodiment, roadside device (RSU) 425 may have a processor 425Aconfigured to operate wireless transceiver 425E to send and receivewireless messages, for example, Basic Safety Messages (BSM) orCooperative Awareness Messages (CAM) or other V2X messages to/fromvehicle A 480 and/or vehicle B 490, from base station 420 and/or accesspoint 430. For example, wireless transceiver 425E may send and/orreceive wireless messages in various protocols such as V2X communicationwith vehicles, and/or using various WAN, WLAN and/or PAN protocols tocommunicate over a wireless communication network. In an embodiment RSU425 may contain one or more processors 425A communicatively coupled towireless transceiver 425E and memory, and may contain instructionsand/or hardware to perform as a traffic control unit 425C and/or toprovide and/or process environmental and roadside sensor information425D or to act as a location reference for GNSS relative locationbetween it and vehicles. In an embodiment, RSU 425 may contain a networkinterface 425B (and/or a wireless transceiver 425E), which, in anembodiment, may communicate with external servers such as trafficoptimization server 465, vehicle information server 455, and/orenvironmental data server 440. In an embodiment, wireless transceiver425E may communicate over a wireless communication network bytransmitting or receiving wireless signals from a wireless basetransceiver subsystem (BTS), a Node B or an evolved NodeB (eNodeB) or anext generation NodeB (gNodeB) over wireless communication link. In anembodiment, wireless transceiver(s) 425E may comprise variouscombinations of WAN, WLAN and/or PAN transceivers. In an embodiment, alocal transceiver may also be a Bluetooth transceiver, a ZigBeetransceiver, or other PAN transceiver. A local transceiver, a WANwireless transceiver and/or a mobile wireless transceiver may comprise aWAN transceiver, an access point (AP), femtocell, Home Base Station,small cell base station, Home Node B (HNB), Home eNodeB (HeNB) or nextgeneration NodeB (gNodeB) and may provide access to a wireless localarea network (WLAN, e.g., IEEE 802.11 network), a wireless personal areanetwork (PAN, e.g., Bluetooth® network) or a cellular network (e.g. anLTE network or other wireless wide area network such as those discussedin the next paragraph). It should be understood that these are merelyexamples of networks that may communicate with an RSU 425 over awireless link, and claimed subject matter is not limited in thisrespect.

RSU 425 may receive location, status, GNSS and other sensormeasurements, and capability information from vehicle A 480 and/orvehicle B 490 such as GNSS measurements, sensor measurements, velocity,heading, location, stopping distance, priority or emergency status andother vehicle-related information. In an embodiment, environmentalinformation such as road surface information/status, weather status, andcamera information may be gathered and shared with vehicles, either viapoint to point or broadcast messaging. RSU 425 may utilize receivedinformation, via wireless transceiver 425E, from vehicle A 480 and/orvehicle B 490, environmental and roadside sensors 425D, and networkinformation and control messages from, for example, traffic control andoptimization server 465 to coordinate and direct traffic flow or vehiclevelocity or vehicle position and to provide environmental, vehicular,safety and announcement messages to vehicle A 480 and vehicle B 490.

Processor 425A may be configured to operate a network interface 425B, inan embodiment, which may be connected via a backhaul to network 470, andwhich may be used, in an embodiment, to communicate and coordinate withvarious centralized servers such as a centralized traffic control andoptimization server 465 that monitors and optimizes the flow of trafficin an area such as within a city or a section of a city or in a region.Network interface 425B may also be utilized for remote access toroadside device (RSU) 425 for crowd sourcing of vehicle data,maintenance of the roadside device (RSU) 425, and/or coordination withother roadside devices 425 or other uses. Roadside device (RSU) 425 mayhave a processor 425A configured to operate traffic control unit 425Cwhich may be configured to process data received from vehicles such asvehicle A 480 and vehicle B 490 such as location data, stopping distancedata, road condition data, identification data and other informationrelated to the status and location of nearby vehicles and environment.Roadside device (RSU) 425 may have a processor 425A configured to obtaindata from environmental and roadside sensors 425D, which may includetemperature, weather, camera, pressure sensors, road sensors (for cardetection, for example), accident detection, movement detection, speeddetection and other vehicle and environmental monitoring sensors.

In an embodiment, vehicle A 480 may also communicate with mobile device400 using short range communication and personal networks such asBluetooth, WiFi or Zigbee or via V2X or other vehicle-relatedcommunication protocols, for example, in an embodiment to access WANand/or WiFi networks and/or, in an embodiment, to obtain sensor and/orlocation measurements from mobile device 400. In an embodiment, vehicleA 480 may communicate with mobile device 400 using WAN related protocolsthrough a WAN network, such as via WAN base station 420 or using WiFieither directly peer to peer or via a WiFi access point. Vehicle A 480and/or vehicle B 490 may communicate using various communicationprotocols. In an embodiment, vehicle A 480 and/or vehicle B 490 maysupport various and multiple modes of wireless communication such as,for example, using V2X, GSM, WCDMA, LTE, CDMA, HRPD, Wi-Fi, BT, WiMAX,Long Term Evolution (LTE), 5th Generation Wireless (5G) new radio accesstechnology (NR) communication protocols, etc.

In an embodiment, vehicle A may communicate over WAN networks using WANprotocols via base station 420 or with wireless LAN access point 430using wireless LAN protocols such as WiFi. A vehicle may also supportwireless communication using a wireless LAN (WLAN), personal areanetwork (PAN) such as Bluetooth or ZigBee, DSL or packet cable forexample.

Vehicle A 480 and/or vehicle B 490, in an embodiment, may contain one ormore GNSS receivers such as GNSS receiver 170 for reception of GNSSsignals 412, from GNSS satellites 410, for location determination, timeacquisition and time maintenance. Various GNSS systems may be supportedalone or in combination, using GNSS receiver 170 or other receiver, toreceive signals from Beidou, Galileo, Glonass, and/or GPS, and variousregional navigational systems such as QZSS and NavIC or IRNSS. Otherwireless systems may be utilized such as those depending on beacons suchas, in an example, one or more roadside devices (RSU) 425, one or morewireless LAN access point 430 or one or more base stations 420. VariousGNSS signals 412 may be utilized in conjunction with car sensors 140and/or 145 to determine location, velocity, proximity to other vehiclessuch as between vehicle A 480 and vehicle B 490.

In an embodiment, vehicle A and/or vehicle B may access GNSSmeasurements and/or locations determined at least in part using GNSS asprovided by mobile device 400, which, in an embodiment would also haveGNSS, WAN, WiFi and other communications receivers and/or transceivers.In an embodiment, vehicle A 480 and/or vehicle B 490 may access GNSSmeasurements (such as pseudorange measurements, doppler measurements andsatellite IDs) and/or locations determined at least in part using GNSSas provided by mobile device 400 as a fallback in case GNSS receiver 170fails or provides less than a threshold level of location accuracy.

Vehicle A 480 and/or Vehicle B 490 may access various servers on thenetwork such as vehicle information server 455, route server 445,location server 460, map server 450, and environmental data server 440.

Vehicle information server 455, may provide information describingvarious vehicles such as antenna location, vehicle size and vehiclecapabilities, as may be utilized in making decisions in regards tomaneuvers relative to nearby cars such as whether they are capable ofstopping or accelerating in time, whether they are autonomously driven,autonomous driving capable, communications capable. In an embodiment,vehicle information server 455 may also provide information in regard tovehicle size, shape, capabilities, identification, ownership, occupancy,and/or determined location point (such as, for example, the location ofthe GNSS receiver) and the location of the car boundaries relative tothe determined location point.

Route server 445, may receive current location and destinationinformation, and provide routing information for the vehicle, map data,alternative route data and/or traffic and street conditions data.

Location server 460, in an embodiment, may provide locationdetermination capabilities, transmitter signal acquisition assistance(such as GNSS satellite orbital predictions information, timeinformation approximate location information and/or approximate timeinformation), transceiver almanacs such as those containingidentification of and location for WiFi access points and base stations,and, in some embodiments, additional information relative to the routesuch as speed limits, traffic, and road status/construction status. Mapserver 450 which may provide map data, such as road locations, points ofinterest along the road, address locations along the roads, road size,road speed limits, traffic conditions, and/or road conditions (wet,slippery, snowy/icy, etc.), road status (open, under construction,accidents, etc.). Environmental data server 440 may, in an embodiment,provide weather and/or road related information, traffic information,terrain information, and/or road quality & speed information and/orother pertinent environmental data. V

In an embodiment, Vehicles 480 and 490 and mobile devices 400, in FIG.4, may communication over network 470 via various network access pointssuch as wireless LAN access point 430 or wireless WAN base station 420over network 470. Vehicles 480 and 490 and mobile devices 400, in FIG.12, may also, in some embodiments, communicate directly between devices,between vehicles and device to vehicle and vehicle to device usingvarious short range communications mechanisms to communicate directlywithout going over network 470, such as via Bluetooth, Zigbee and 5G newradio standards.

FIG. 5 illustrates the use of high accuracy relative position, in anembodiment, determined using shared GNSS measurements, as discussedabove, between various vehicles and/or devices. The embodiments abovediscussed the use of double differencing using shared measurements forsignals from two or more satellites. The embodiments above alsodiscussed constraining the results, for example, by utilizing thevectors between multiple cars, as illustrated in FIG. 17. In FIG. 5,some of the vehicles and devices, vehicles and devices here usedinterchangeably, are referred to as vehicles and/or devices with a highaccuracy position, and are able to determine a high accuracy absoluteposition, for example, with meter level or even centimeter levelaccuracy.

In an embodiment, a vehicle with access to a high accuracy absoluteposition may, for example, have a clear view of the sky, such that itcan measure GNSS satellite signals with less impact from multipath andsignal degradation. In an embodiment, a vehicle with access to a highaccuracy absolute position may, utilize other sensor systems such asvehicular dead reckoning systems (using, for example, wheel ticks andmeasurements from gyros and accelerometers), camera-based positioning,LIDAR, RADAR and/or SONAR or some combination thereof to increase theaccuracy and the confidence level associated with its position. In anembodiment, a vehicle or device with access to a high accuracy absoluteposition may be located/installed in a fixed position such as a roadsidedevice (RSU) where an exact location is known or may be calculatedthrough repetitive location determination over time, or a vehicle thatremains parked in a fixed location over a longer period of time suchthat it may improve the accuracy of its location over time, such asthrough repetitive location determination over time and/or throughrelative positioning with other vehicles and/or devices.

In an embodiment, a vehicle without access to a high accuracy absoluteposition may, for example, have a blocked view of the sky (for example,in dense urban scenarios subject to signal blockage caused by largebuildings), such that measured GNSS satellite signals at the impactedGNSS receiver are subject to significant impact from multipath andsignal degradation. Note, however, that nearby vehicles may be subjectto the same GNSS signal degradation (multipath, signal blockage,ionospheric error, tropospheric error, etc.) such that doubledifferencing of satellite signals received at two nearby receivers mayresult in highly accurate relative positioning even where highlyaccurate absolute positioning is not easily available. In an embodiment,a vehicle with access to other relative positioning-related sensorsystems such as camera-based positioning, LIDAR, RADAR and/or SONAR mayalso combine accurate relative locations between vehicles or deviceswith a highly accurate absolute position from one of the vehicles ordevices to propagate highly accurate absolute position among devices andvehicles that may otherwise not have access, at that moment, to highlyaccurate absolute positioning; however, the relative positioning islikely to be less accurate than relative positioning determined usingshared GNSS measurement information.

In an embodiment, vehicles and/or devices may share vehicle or deviceID, GNSS measurements, vehicle or device location, and/or, in someembodiments, a measure of confidence and/or an estimate of error or somecombination of location, measurements and/or confidence or error,thereof, to enable vehicles and devices to determine high accuracyrelative position and, when available, to also propagate high accuracyabsolution positioning. In an embodiment, vehicles and/or devices maybroadcast their location and/or their GNSS measurements to othervehicles and/or nearby devices. In some embodiments, there may be a mixof broadcast and point to point communication and information sharing,such as by broadcasting a vehicle's or device's location, and in someembodiments, error estimates and/or uncertainty estimates, but bysending GNSS signal measurements only to vehicles and/or devices thatrequest it, such as may be determined, for example, using the broadcastlocation, to be within a threshold range. Vehicles that otherwise didnot have access to a highly accurate absolute position but that hadaccess to a highly accurate relative position may thereby increase theaccuracy and the confidence level associated with their position.

In an embodiment, a vehicle or device with access to a high accuracyabsolute position may be located/installed in a fixed position such as aroadside device (RSU) where an exact location is known or may becalculated through repetitive location determination over time.Similarly, a vehicle that remains parked in a fixed location over alonger period of time, may improve the accuracy of its location overtime, such as through repetitive location determination over time and/orthrough relative positioning with other vehicles and/or devices, to beable to determine, and in an embodiment, share a highly accurateabsolution position with other devices and vehicles. In an embodiment, aroadside device RSU may also manage traffic or manage and control accessto an intersection, such as a traffic light or traffic controller, andmay utilize relative positions to vehicles in the vicinity to determineand control vehicle flow and vehicle access to intersections, exits andother road resources.

Whether moving or fixed, the vehicle or device with access to a highaccuracy absolute position may be used as a reference point so thatother vehicles and/or devices that have access to a shared GNSSmeasurements may combine a highly accurate absolute position from thereference vehicle or device with a highly accurate relative positiondetermined using shared GNSS measurements between the devices topropagate highly accurate absolute positions to vehicles and devicesthat would otherwise only have access to accurate relative positions. Bysharing absolute position from the vehicle or device with access to ahighly accurate absolute position and also sharing GNSS measurementsbetween the vehicle or device with access to a highly accurate absoluteposition and the vehicle or device without access to a highly accurateabsolute position, the highly accurate relative position determinedusing the GNSS measurements between the vehicle or device with access toa highly accurate absolute position and the vehicle or device withoutaccess to a highly accurate absolute position, the accurate absoluteposition from the vehicle or device with access to a highly accurateabsolute position and accurate relative position between the twovehicles may be combined to determine an accurate absolute position forthe vehicle that was otherwise did not have access to a high accuracyabsolute position.

FIG. 6 illustrates a use scenario for a vehicle with high accuracyrelative position capability. Here, vehicles are approaching around ablind curve. Vehicle R3 cannot see vehicles R1 and R2 until it ispossibly too late to avoid a collision. This is certainly true withhuman drivers but may also be the case with forward-looking camerasystems, RADAR, LIDAR and other relative positioning systems.Furthermore, the curve may be blocked with foliage or other matter suchat the drivers on either side cannot see around the curve. However, GNSSsystem signals, which are sent downwards to earth from the variousconstellations, do not suffer from the lateral view blockage. Therefore,any or all of vehicles R1, R2 and R3 may share location and GNSSinformation with each other, enabling instructions and/or an alert to R1to pull back to the right lane and instructions and/or an alert to R3 toslow down to allow R1 to complete the lane change back into the rightlane. Similarly, if a roadside unit were present at the curve, it couldbe utilized to determine the relative locations between the approachingvehicles and/or between all vehicles in the vicinity. A roadside unit(RSU) could also act as a traffic controller to determine where vehiclesare located in the vicinity and to provide approach and departuremanagement and instructions.

FIG. 7 illustrates a vehicle/device to vehicle/device communicationarchitecture where vehicles and/or devices share GNSS measurementinformation, location, identification information and other information,using peer to peer communication. In a peer to peer model, informationflow between peers may be consistent across peers, or it may differbased on proximity or it may differ based on collision risk/threat(vehicles that are approaching are a higher risk than vehicles that aremoving away; vehicles that are adjacent may have a higher collision riskthan those two lanes away or across a cement barrier). Here, forexample, vehicles that are closest to the center vehicle and/or areadjacent to the center vehicle (e.g., within ring 710) may share GNSSmeasurement information more frequently, as designated by the blackarrows. Vehicles that are a little further out, for example, notdirectly adjacent but in view or more than a vehicle away or adetermined radius away from the center vehicle (e.g., ring 720), receiveGNSS measurement updates at a slower rate. Vehicles significantlyfurther out, for example, more than two vehicles away or greater than acertain even wider radius away (e.g., ring 730), may not receive peer topeer GNSS updates at all. However, even at ring 730, the vehicles and/ordevices may still be broadcasting location and ID periodically, so thatadjacent vehicles know that they are there and may query for furtherinformation to increase accuracy of relative location if and when neededor desired.

FIG. 8 illustrates a sample decision tree for peer to peer messagingincluding sharing of GNSS measurement information to be utilized forrelative positioning. In step 810, a vehicle ID may be selected asprovided by a server or a base station or as received in an over the airbroadcast from other vehicles. In an embodiment, a broadcast ID may alsobe associated with a location of the source vehicle. In block 820, it isdetermined if a connection is already established and, if not, in block860 a connection may be established. The connection may be contingent onthe other vehicle being within a particular range or likelihood of beinga collision risk. Similarly, if a connection already exists, it may bedisconnected in block 850 if the range is greater than a threshold(i.e., the other vehicle is farther than a threshold distance away). Ifa connection already exists, GNSS measurement information, and/or otherinformation discussed above, may be exchanged and processed if the rangeis less than a threshold, in block 840. This process may be repeated atblock 820 for repetitive relative location determination such that block860 may be input into block 830 and, instead of ending at block 870,block 840 feeds back into block 820. It is also understood that theremay be alternative embodiments to implement a peer to peer model. Forexample, in block 830, there may be multiple threshold distances, asillustrated in FIG. 7, and measurements may be requested and processedin block 840 at different rates depending on the threshold distance thatthe target vehicle is within. Those vehicles within the inner circle 710in FIG. 7 are associated with the smallest threshold and provide GNSSmeasurements most often, which are also processed the most often. Thosevehicles within the middle circle 720 but outside of the inner circle710, in FIG. 7 are associated with ranges falling between the first andsecond larger threshold and provide GNSS measurements less often, whichare also processed the less often. Those vehicles within the outercircle 730 but outside of the middle circle 720, in FIG. 7, areassociated with a range between the second larger threshold and thethird largest threshold and do not provide GNSS measurements

FIG. 9 illustrates a broadcast positioning model for determiningrelative position between vehicles, other vehicles, and/or variousdevices. In a broadcast model, vehicles and devices broadcast theirposition and GNSS and/or other measurements. The broadcast position of anearby vehicle may be used for an initial position of the neighboringvehicle and, depending on its accuracy, may also be used to determinerelative position. In an embodiment, an error estimate or other measureof accuracy, and/or a confidence level may be provided with thebroadcast position. In an embodiment, GNSS measurement information maybe utilized to calculate a more precise location, particularly fornearby vehicles which may require a higher level of accuracy to avoidcollisions and/or to optimize traffic. In an embodiment, the broadcastmay comprise vehicle identification, vehicle location, possiblyaccompanied by error estimate or accuracy information and/or confidencelevel, vehicle GNSS measurement information and/or other vehicle andlocation information. In a broadcast model, there may also be mechanismsemployed to minimize cross interference between vehicular communicationssuch as intermittent broadcasts, frequency, time and/or code division toallow many vehicles and devices to broadcast information whileminimizing interference. In a broadcast model, to reduce processingoverhead on each vehicle, a vehicle may process GNSS measurementinformation to determine highly accurate relative location for a subsetof the vehicles. For example, a vehicle may utilize the broadcastposition to determine an approximate range and/or relative positionbetween it and a neighboring vehicle and may determine more preciserelative location using GNSS measurements provided by vehicles withinthe approximate range. In an embodiment, there may be multiple thresholddistances, as with the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 7. In such anembodiment, the vehicle may process GNSS measurement information fromvehicles within different threshold bands at different rates and,outside of a largest band, may not process GNSS measurement informationat all, or only process it upon specific event or request. Theprocessing rate bands are implemented similarly to the implementationfor FIG. 7, except that some broadcast embodiments may broadcast GNSSmeasurement information as well as location and identificationinformation, while some embodiments of the peer to peer model in FIG. 7may provide GNSS measurement information only upon request from othervehicles. Thus, in an embodiment of the broadcast model, GNSSmeasurement information broadcast by vehicles within ring 910 isprocessed at the fastest rate (for example, once per second or multipletimes a second), while GNSS measurement information broadcast fromvehicles between ring 910 and ring 920 is processed at a slower rate(e.g., once per minute or once per 30 seconds), and GNSS measurementinformation broadcast from vehicles outside of ring 920 may be ignoredor only processed on demand or triggered by some event (such as anaccident or excessive speed). In a broadcast model, each vehicle maybroadcast information including GNSS measurement information at a fairlyhigh rate, perhaps corresponding to the GNSS measurement rate at theGNSS receiver for the vehicle, or perhaps at some subset thereof. Forexample, if a vehicle determines measures GNSS signals once per second,it may broadcast GNSS measures no faster than once per second but maybroadcast at a slower rate such as once per five seconds or at avariable rate depending on the signal noise floor, broadcasting lessoften if the noise floor is high and more often if the noise floor islow, to avoid creating excessive interference in the spectrum.

FIG. 10 illustrates a decision chart of a broadcast-based embodiment. Instep 1010, broadcast position and GNSS measurements and/or otherpositioning measurements are received from surrounding vehicles. In step1020, the received broadcast position and the location of the vehicleare utilized to determine a distance (a.k.a., a range) between thevehicle and the source vehicle for the broadcast position. If the rangeis less than a threshold range, in block 1030, the GNSS and/or otherpositioning measurements are processed to determine a relative positionof the source vehicle for the broadcast position relative to thevehicle. Other actions and/or applications may be also triggered, forexample, based on range less than a threshold or a particular positionsuch as in front, back or on either side of the vehicle. For example, inan embodiment, a relative position in front of and/or in back of thevehicle may trigger a routine and car movement that manage inter-vehiclespacing to manage safe following distance between vehicles. For example,the vehicle may speed up, slow down or request action from the adjacentvehicle to increase or decrease inter-vehicular spacing, and/or mayswitch lanes to avoid a situation where insufficient vehicle spacing isavailable (e.g., tail gating by a manually driven vehicle). If the rangeis not less than a threshold distance, the vehicle may be monitored, inblock 1040, or may be ignored in some embodiments. The process may betriggered by receipt of broadcast position and vehicle ID information inblock 1010. In an embodiment, the processing of broadcast measurementsfor particular vehicle IDs may also be determined at different ratesdepending on the range from the vehicle, such that block 1020 maycompare the range to multiple threshold ranges such as less thanthreshold A, between threshold A and threshold B, and greater thanthreshold B such each condition going to a different block 1030 whichprocesses GNSS measurement information and/or other positioningmeasurement information at different rates depending on which band thesource vehicle for the broadcast position is in. In an embodiment, for aparticular vehicle in a particular band, positioning measurementinformation between rate boundaries may be ignored or discarded or saveduntil newer information or a calculate rate boundary occurs.

FIG. 11 illustrates an embodiment where relative position is determinedin a mixed mode where all cars exchange (for example, via broadcast) VID(user and/or vehicle identification information) and positioninformation. However, vehicle information is requested by and/or sentonly to cars that meet particular relative location criteria. Forexample, as illustrated in FIG. 11, a vehicle (here, with a star on it)may choose to request GNSS measurement information only from vehicleswithin a particular range or only from vehicles in front, back or oneither side of it, or only from vehicles within a particular geometricboundary (circle, rectangle, square). As with the peer to peer andbroadcast models, there may be multiple nested boundaries, which mayhave different shapes and/or criteria associated with them, such as aninterior boundary corresponding only to cars in front, back and oneither side of the vehicle and an outer boundary based on a thresholddistance, where GNSS measurement information from cars within the innerboundary is requested and processed at a more rapid rate than GNSSmeasurement information from cars between the inner boundary and theouter boundary. In some embodiments there may be multiple thresholdboundaries. In some embodiments, the boundaries may be concentric. Insome embodiments, the boundaries may be aligned. In some embodiments,some or all of the boundaries bay be asymmetric or may be modifieddepending on conditions. For example, a boundary may be selected so thatcars on the other side of a physical median are not monitored orpositioned or such that only cars that pose a collision risk or riskabove a threshold risk are positioned. For example, a boundary maymonitor cars only in the rear, in the front and to the right of avehicle, if the left of the vehicle is occupied by a physical median orbarrier (e.g., the vehicle is in the left-most lane of a physicallydivided highway. In FIG. 11, the solid, bi-directional arrows representan exchange of GNSS and/or other position measurement informationbetween vehicles within a particular geographical boundary.

FIG. 12 illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a decision tree for anembodiment where relative position is determined in a mixed mode whereall cars exchange (for example, via broadcast) VID (user and/or vehicleidentification information) and position information but where GNSSmeasurement information and/or other location measurement information isexchanged and/or processed based on distance criteria. The variousvehicles broadcast Vehicle ID information and location information. Instep 1210, the vehicle receives broadcast position and measurementinformation from other vehicles. In step 1220, the vehicle determines ifan existing vehicle to vehicle (V2V) connection may have already beenestablished, for example, a connection to a vehicle where the distancewas less than a threshold. If the V2V connection is already established,and if range is less than a threshold range, in block 1230, than GNSSmeasurement information and/or other position related measurementinformation may be requested and processed in block 1260. In block 1260,in an embodiment, relative positions may also trigger other applicationsand/or actions by the vehicle such as to realign the spacing between thecars in back, in front or on either side of the vehicle. If the vehicleis not already connected, in decision block 1220, and range is less thana threshold range, in block 1240, a connection may be set up to requestGNSS measurement information and/or other location measurementinformation, as may be received in block 1210. Also, if range is greaterthan a threshold in 1230, the V2V connection may be disconnected. Inblock 1255, the range of broadcasting vehicles where range is not lessthan the threshold range (or ranges) may be monitored such that, ifrange falls below a threshold in block 1240, a new V2V connection may beestablished in block 1270. It is understood that in some embodiments,there may be multiple threshold ranges, for example, as discussedpreviously, where GNSS measurement information from vehicles indifferent threshold bands is processed at different rates. In a multiplethreshold range embodiment, the largest threshold may be used todetermine if a connection should be made and/or if GNSS and/or otherlocation measurement information should be processed. It is understoodthat, in block 1260, in some embodiments, where there are multiplethreshold ranges, for example, as discussed previously, that the ratethat GNSS and other location measurement information may be processedmay be determined by the threshold band that the vehicle is within.

FIG. 13 illustrates a messaging diagram for a mixed embodiment wherevehicle and/or device ID is broadcast along with position informationand GNSS measurement information and other position related measurementinformation is exchanged between vehicles to determine an accuraterelative location between vehicles. In step 1310, vehicle 1 (V1) 1302,vehicle 2 (V2) 1304 and vehicle 3 (V3) 1306 broadcast a vehicleidentifier and their respective locations. It is understood that in someembodiments, location accuracy/error information and/or confidence mayalso be broadcast to avoid vehicle collisions based upon high errorlocations. It is also understood that, in some vehicles, sensor systemssuch as LIDAR or camera-based systems my provide additional informationto correct, corroborate or replace broadcast location information, toavoid collisions based on inaccurate broadcast location informationand/or to prevent spoofing-based attempts to induce vehicularcollisions. In steps 1318, 1320 and 1322, each vehicle decides whichother vehicles are adjacent or otherwise within a processing range.Therefore, in step 2018, V1 1302 monitors the location of V2 1304, asbeing within V1's processing range. In step 1320, V2 1304 monitors thelocation of V1 1302 as being within V2's processing range. Similarly, instep 1322, based at least in part on received broadest information fromV1 1302 and V2 1304, V3 1306 determines that V1 1302 and V2 1304 areoutside of its processing range and do not need to be monitored. In step1324, V1 and V2 send requests, to each other, for GNSS measurement dataand/or other position location measurement data and in step 1326, V11302 and V2 1304 share location measurement information including GNSSmeasurement information between each other. In steps 1328 and 1330vehicle V1 1302 and vehicle V2 1304 process GNSS measurement data and/orother location measurement data from each other respectively and use themeasurement data to determine a relative location for the other vehicleV1 1302 and/or vehicle V2 1304. Thus, vehicle V1 1302 may calculate arelative location, using the GNSS measurement data and/or other locationmeasurement data from vehicle V2 1304 to determine a relative locationof vehicle V2 1304 and vehicle V2 1304 may calculate a relative locationof vehicle V1 1302, using the GNSS measurement data and/or otherlocation measurement data from vehicle V1 1302. In an embodiment, therelative location may be utilized to trigger or support and action orapplication, such as an action to adjust the inter-vehicular spacing,here, for example, between V1 1302 and V2 1304.

FIG. 14 illustrates a messaging diagram for an embodiment wherebroadcast location is utilized in an interaction with a roadside unit(RSU) that controls access to an area such as passing through anintersection. In step 1410 both vehicle V1 1402 and vehicle V2 1404broadcast a vehicle ID and a location of the respective vehicle. In someembodiments GNSS measurement information and other position relatedmeasurement information is also broadcast, in which case steps 1424 and1426 to request and receive GNSS measurement information and otherlocation measurement information may be unnecessary and, in anembodiment, not performed. In step 1420, roadside unit 1406 monitorsbroadcast information from vehicles with communication range and/orwithin other threshold range such as a predesignated distance or regionof control. In a non-broadcast embodiment, messaging may be sent, fromvehicles entering a region of influence for a roadside unit, to theroadside unit 1406 notifying the RU 1406 of their presence. In aserver-coordinated embodiment, messaging may be coordinated through aserver which will notify or otherwise cause vehicles entering a regionof influence for a roadside unit to share location and GNSS measurementdata with the RU 1406. In a map-coordinated embodiment, regions ofinfluence for RU(s) 1406 may be designated on a map as meta dataassociated with the region. Entering a region of influence may causevehicles to share location and GNSS measurement data with the RU 1406for that region of influence. In step 1422, based upon locationinformation for and typically provided by V1 1402, for example, such asvehicle ID and location from step 1410 or as otherwise sent from V11402, roadside unit 1406 determines that V1 1402 is in or, in anembodiment, approaching a region of control. Similarly, while notillustrated in FIG. 14 (the assumption being that vehicle V2 1404 may beoutside of broadcast range for the scenario illustrated in FIG. 14), instep 1422, if messaging is received from V2 1404 including location andvehicle identification, whether received as a broadcast message or adirect message from V2 1404, roadside unit 1406 will similarly determineif V2 1404 is in a region of influence. In various embodiments, step1410 messaging including location and vehicle identification may be sentdirectly to the roadside unit, instead of or in additional to beingbroadcast. In step 1424, roadside unit 1406 requests (in response to adetermination that V1 is in or approaching a region of control orinfluence), requests GNSS measurement information and/or otherpositioning measurement information from V1 1402. The roadside unit 1406will similarly request GNSS measurement data and/or other locationmeasurement data from vehicles determined to be in the region ofinfluence for roadside unit 1406. Note, in some embodiments,particularly in embodiments where a vehicle is aware that it is enteringa region of influence for a roadside unit, the vehicle may automaticallysend GNSS measurement data and/or other location measurement datawithout requiring the roadside unit 1406 to send a request (i.e., step1424, and potentially also step 1422, may be optional in someembodiments where the vehicle determines whether it is in a region ofinfluence or not and initiates communication with the roadside unit). Instep 1426, vehicle V1 1402 responds, sending GNSS measurementinformation and/or other position measurement information to roadsideunit 1406, which, in step 1428, processes the received GNSS data and/orother position-related measurement data and determines a relativelocation of vehicle V1 1402. The relative locations of vehicles in theregion of influence may be utilized by the roadside unit to influenceand/or control vehicles within the region of influence, for example, bysending driving instructions and/or access permissions to the vehiclessuch as access to intersections or lanes, requests that a vehicle changespeed or travel at a particular speed, requests that a vehicle changelanes or drive in a particular lane, requests that a vehicle changedirections, turn or stop or other operational instructions and/orrequests. Based on the determined relative location of vehicle V1 1402,and in some embodiments, movement information for vehicle V1 1402 suchas direction, heading, and velocity, the roadside unit 1406 determinesand sends an action related request, access grant, access denial and/oror other instructions to vehicle V1 1402. For example, the actionrequest or instructions may comprise a grant or refusal of access to anintersection, instructions to stop, start, speed up or slow down,instructions to change lanes and/or instructions to change lanes orother vehicular actions for vehicle V1 1402.

FIG. 15 illustrates an embodiment for determining relative position ofvehicles within processing range. In step 1510, the vehicle sends one ormore broadcast messages, whereby it broadcasts its location and avehicle identification (ID). In an embodiment, other information mayalso be broadcast, for example, an error estimate associated with thelocation, such as may be determined using a least squares fit of themeasurement information (such as GNSS pseudoranges and/or various sensordata), a time stamp associated with the location (for example a GNSStime associated with the location determination), and/or an uncertaintyassociated with the location. In some embodiments, the location may beconsidered current, and time information may be unnecessary. In step1520, the vehicle receives broadcast location information and vehicle IDfrom a plurality of vehicles. In an alternative embodiment, the vehiclemay receive location and ID of adjacent and/or nearby vehicles from aserver. In step 1530, the vehicle uses the received locations and thelocation of the vehicle and determines which transmitting vehicles areinside of a threshold range from the vehicle. In an embodiment, therange may be determined using a simple distance formula, where point oneis represented by coordinates X₁, Y₁ and point two is represented bycoordinates X₂, Y₂ and the distance between the two points may berepresented by [(x₂−x₁)²+(Y₂−Y₁)²]^(1/2).

In step 1540, the vehicle may request and receive GNSS measurement dataand/or other location measurement data from vehicles within thethreshold range(s). In various embodiments, there may be multiplethreshold ranges, each corresponding to a different relative locationdetermination rate. For example, within a first threshold, T₁, GNSSmeasurements and other location related data may be requested at a firstrate, R₁. Between the first threshold T₁ and a second threshold T₂, GNSSmeasurements and other location related data may be requested at asecond rate. Outside of the second threshold T₂, GNSS measurements andother location related data may be requested at a third rate, R₃, or notat all. The rates of requests for GNSS measurement data and/or otherlocation measurement data, in an embodiment, may decrease as the vehicledistance from central vehicle increases, such that R₁>R₂>R₃. It is alsounderstood that, in various embodiment, the threshold regions may be ofvarious shapes; for example, as shown in FIG. 11, interior region isrectangular and the external region oval. Similarly, a region may followa lane or set of lanes or be located around an intersection. Also, insome embodiments, the GNSS measurement data and/or other locationmeasurement data may be sent by surrounding vehicles to the vehicleautomatically. For example, if a vehicle determines it is within athreshold range of another vehicle it may automatically start sendingongoing measurements of GNSS measurement data and/or other locationmeasurement data to the other vehicle, and vice versa. I.e., theexchange of GNSS measurement data and/or other location measurement datamay be automatically triggered by each vehicle to provide data to theother vehicle. In an embodiment, if other vehicles are within thresholdrange, it may be used to trigger ongoing broadcasts of GNSS measurementdata and/or other location measurement data, which would have theadvantage of reducing or eliminating request messaging overhead.

In step 1550, the vehicle may determine a relative location of the atleast one vehicle within a threshold range based, at least in part, uponthe GNSS measurement data. In an embodiment, the vehicle may determine arelative location of all vehicles within a threshold range or, based onthe received location(s) and vehicle identification(s), the vehicle mayprocess the GNSS measurement data and/or other location measurement dataonly for vehicles that are directly adjacent to it, or based on thereceived location(s) and vehicle identification(s), the vehicle mayprocess the GNSS measurement data and/or other location measurement dataonly for vehicles that have above a threshold likeliness of collision orinteraction, or based on the received location(s) and vehicleidentification(s), the vehicle may process the GNSS measurement dataand/or other location measurement data only for vehicles that areapproaching in opposing or crossing lanes, vehicles in front, vehiclesin back and/or vehicles to either side or various combinations thereof)or based on the received location(s) and vehicle identification(s), thevehicle may process the GNSS measurement data and/or other locationmeasurement data only for vehicles for which requests and/orinteractions will be made (for example, to adjust spacing between therequesting and receiving vehicle or to request space for a lane changeor merge).

In an embodiment, the relative location of adjacent vehicles may beutilized to trigger and/or inform interactions with adjacent vehicles orother vehicles which may interact with the vehicle. For example,vehicles that are approaching in opposing or crossing lanes, vehicles infront, vehicles in back and/or vehicles to either side are likely tointeract with the vehicle. For example, the vehicle may request thatvehicles in an adjacent lane create a space for the vehicle to mergeinto. For example, the vehicle may request that vehicles in front of itand/or in back of it adjust spacing between the vehicle and the vehiclesin front of it and/or in back of it. For example, the vehicle may informthe vehicle in back of it of an upcoming stop, slowdown or lane change.For example, the vehicle may inform the vehicle in back of it of anupcoming road hazard. In an embodiment, the vehicle may sendinstructions or requests for adjustments in spacing, lane changes andemergency maneuvers to the vehicles around it. The vehicle may also usethe determined relative position to inform how it reacts to requests andnotifications from neighboring vehicles as well.

In FIG. 16, illustrates an embodiment for a vehicle interacting with aroadside unit within the region of influence of the roadside unit. Instep 1610, the vehicle or other mobile device broadcasts locationinformation and identification information. It is understood that, insimilar embodiments, a mobile phone or other pedestrian device maysimilarly broadcast or otherwise send location information andidentification information and that the embodiments described below mayalso be implemented in mobile phones and/or other pedestrian devices. Invarious embodiments, the vehicle may also send location information andidentification directly to the roadside unit, rather than broadcast it.In a vehicle to roadside direct send scenario, the vehicle may betriggered to send the location information and vehicle ID based on avariety of triggers; for example, entering a region of influence, as maybe determined by metadata and/or a marked region on a map, or, forexample, upon request from a roadside unit; or for example, upon requestfrom a server that monitors the location of vehicles relative toroadside unit regions of influence; or upon detection of a broadcastsignal by a roadside unit (for example, a broadcast signal, from aroadside unit, announcing a roadside unit that controls intersectionaccess).

A roadside unit, in an embodiment, may broadcast or otherwise send itslocation and identification. The roadside unit may also send a requestfor location information to mobiles within transmission range. Thelocation information requested may include latitude and longitude, phaseoffset, heading, velocity, ability to stop or otherwise maneuverrelative to an intersection or a pedestrian, or other location relatedinformation. A roadside unit may also provide positioning information,absolute or relative to the roadside unit, for vehicles and pedestrianswith a zone of influence for the roadside unit. For example, a roadsideunit may determine or update the location of cars and pedestrians thatare located within a zone of influence (such as within a particularradius of the roadside unit or within a particular distance from anintersection or within a particular distance of a crosswalk). This isparticularly useful in tracking the movements of pedestrians andvehicles that are not advertising their location. The location ofpedestrians and/or vehicles may be determined and/or verified usingtheir broadcast location, if available, and sensor data, such ascameras, RADAR, SONAR, LIDAR, infrared or other light-based rangingsystems, road-based magnetic sensors and/or other sensor inputs capableof determining the location of objects in the zone of influence. Aroadside unit may also be capable of actively querying vehicles and/orpedestrian devices such as smartphones for location information whichmay include absolute information such as latitude and longitude orrelative location information such as distance and heading or GNSS orother measurement information such as phase offset measurements.

In step 1620, the vehicle may receive a request, for periodic GNSSmeasurement data and/or sensor-based measurement data, from a roadsideunit. Measurement data may include calculated latitude, longitude,heading and/or velocity or may include raw measurement data such aspseudorange measurements and/or phase offset data for various satellitevehicles or various combinations thereof. Measurement data may alsosensor measurement data such as acceleration and vehicular and/or wheelrotational information. In an embodiment, wheel rotational data may beutilized by a roadside unit to determine road surface conditions. It isunderstood that in various embodiments, sets of GNSS measurement dataand/or other location measurement data may be requested and sentindividually; or, in an embodiment, a roadside unit may send (andvehicles and/or pedestrian devices respond to) a request to vehiclesand/or other devices in or close to a region of influence to turnon/broadcast GNSS measurement data and/or other location measurementdata on a continuous basis. A roadside unit may also request a repeatingrequest for GNSS information from a vehicle or pedestrian device thatmay be sent point to point directly to the roadside unit from thevehicle or pedestrian device. The requested data may, in someembodiments, vary from request to request. For example, in someembodiments, the initial request may include a request for absolutelocation such as latitude and longitude while subsequent requests mayonly request phase offset information or pseudorange information orrelative location information or various combinations thereof;similarly, a vehicle or pedestrian device, in response to a request fromthe roadside unit may, in some embodiments, include an absolute locationsuch as latitude and longitude and subsequent responses may providephase offset information or pseudorange information or relative locationinformation or various combinations thereof with or without absolutelocation information.

In an embodiment, a request for GNSS measurement data and/or otherlocation measurement data from a roadside unit to a vehicle orpedestrian device may specify that GNSS measurement data and/or otherlocation measurement data be sent for a designated period of time orthat it be sent within particular geographic boundaries. In anembodiment, a request for GNSS measurement data and/or other locationmeasurement data from a roadside unit to a vehicle and/or pedestriandevice may specify that GNSS measurement data and/or other locationmeasurement data be sent at a specified time interval/rate and the timeintervals/rates may be fixed or may vary, for example, with distance orlocation relative to the roadside unit or direction/heading relative tothe roadside unit or to other geographical point of reference.

In an embodiment, a request for location information, for example,periodic GNSS measurement data or absolute location information, mayalso be accompanied by location information for vehicles and/orpedestrian devices (such as mobile devices) within the region ofinfluence of a roadside unit. In an embodiment, a roadside unit mayprovide information on vehicles and/or pedestrian devices, within theregion of influence, to the vehicle or other mobile device, either aspart of a request for information, or on a repetitive basis orcombination thereof. The location information for vehicles and/orpedestrian devices, within the region of influence, may be unsolicited.The location information for vehicles and/or pedestrian devices, withinthe region of influence, may be limited to information regardingvehicles and/or pedestrian devices, within the region of influence, thatare close to or that may intersect a direction of travel for the vehicleor other mobile device. In some embodiments, the location informationfor vehicles and/or pedestrian devices, within the region of influence,may be broadcast by a roadside unit and received by vehicles and/orpedestrian devices, within the region of influence. In some embodiments,the location information sent by the roadside unit and received byvehicles and/or mobile devices may be limited to information forvehicles and/or mobile devices and/or objects and/or pedestrians that donot broadcast or otherwise self-advertise their location; for example,so that a vehicle may be made aware of the location of pedestriansand/or animals and/or obstacles regardless of whether they are capableof and/or are currently sending and/or broadcasting their currentlocation. Thus, a vehicle may receive the location of pedestrians andpets or other animals that are within the region of influence and/or arelikely to impact the transit of the vehicle and may utilize the locationinformation provided by roadside units to determine maneuvering andtransit control of the vehicle. For example, a vehicle may determinethat it should stop for a pedestrian, based on the pedestrian'sdirection of travel and location as provided by or supplemented by aroadside unit. This may be particularly useful for pedestrians,bicycles, pets, etc. that may not be detected by a vehicle due todarkness, blockage by fixed objects such as buildings, fences, bushesand/or shrubbery, lack of visual/camera contrast, or other detectionfailure scenarios.

In step 1630, the vehicle sends periodic GNSS measurement data and/orsensor-based measurement data and/or other location measurement data tothe roadside unit. It is understood that in various embodiments, eachset of GNSS measurement data and/or other location measurement data maybe requested and sent individually; or, in an embodiment, a roadsideunit may send a request to vehicles in or close to a region of influencewhere the vehicle turns on/broadcast GNSS measurement data and/or otherlocation measurement data on a continuous basis. In an embodiment, GNSSmeasurement data and/or other location measurement data may be sent to aroadside unit for a designated period of time or it may be sent withinparticular geographic boundaries. In an embodiment, GNSS measurementdata and/or other location measurement data may be sent at a particulartime intervals or rates and the time intervals or rates may be fixed ormay vary, for example, with distance or location relative to theroadside unit or direction/heading relative to the roadside unit or toother geographical point of reference. GNSS measurement data mayinclude, in various embodiments, absolution location or phase offsetdata for GNSS satellite or other signals or may include pseudorangemeasurements for GNSS satellite or other signals. Signals sources mayinclude satellite signals, communication transceivers, and/or beaconsignals and/or signals from the roadside unit itself. Signal measurementdata may also comprise, in some embodiments, round trip timemeasurements and/or angle of arrival measurements, particularly ofsignals being sent by terrestrial signal sources.

In step 1640, vehicle receives at least one action request sent by theroadside unit. For example, the vehicle may receive instructions orrequests roadside unit to influence and/or control its actions andmovement within the region of influence. In an embodiment, the vehiclemay receive driving instructions and/or access permissions such aspermission to access an intersections or lanes, or a request to changespeed or to travel at a particular speed, or a request to change lanesor to drive in a particular lane, or a request to change directions,turn or stop or a request for other operations. In an embodiment, arequested action may be associated with one or more coordinates such asa location to stop at and/or with distance and/or measurements and/ornumber of lanes to move and a vector or direction of movement (left orright or an angle, for example). In an embodiment, a stopping locationmay be absolute such as specified by a latitude and longitude (or otherlocation designation or marking) or a stopping location may be relativeto another vehicle, person, mobile device, stationary device and/orobject. In an embodiment, the vehicle may receive action requests tocoordinate lane changes, stopping, starting and other actions directlywith other vehicles and/or devices may receive the identification ofother vehicles and/or other devices, such as mobile phones or Internetof things devices, with which to coordinate movement with, such thattraffic flow safety is maintained and/or optimized and/or pedestriansare able to safely cross an area of transit regardless of the presenceor absence of a crosswalk or of an indicator light. The coordination maybe determined by the roadside device or may be determined by theindividual devices or may be a combination of both, where some actionsare delegated by the roadside unit to the vehicles and/or other mobiledevices. In an embodiment, the at least one action request may beacknowledged to the roadside unit, where an acknowledgment may includewhether the vehicle or other mobile device will and/or is able to complywith the action request or if a roadside unit should request actionsfrom other vehicles and/or pedestrian/mobile devices to compensate for avehicle or other devices inability to comply with an action request. Forexample, a truck moving at speed may not be able to stop prior to anintersection, and may issue a non-compliance response to the at leastone action request, forcing the roadside unit to instruct cross trafficto stop instead, if possible, or to instruct avoidance maneuvers byvehicles and/or devices that are likely to otherwise collide orotherwise interact unsafely with the truck or other vehicle that issuedthe non-compliance response. A vehicle or other device may alsodetermine that it can comply and may issue a compliance response. In anembodiment, a vehicle which may otherwise be able to comply with theroadside unit may, for example, for reasons of priority or time criticaltransit, such as for an emergency vehicle (ambulance, fire or otheremergency vehicle) or for a person needing urgent transit to a hospitalor other urgent destination, issue a request to not comply with theaction request and await permission to not comply from the roadsideunit. The roadside unit may send alternative action requests determineto other vehicles requesting a change of action or a withdrawal ofpermission (such as permission to transit an intersection), in responseto requested and/or likely non-compliance by another vehicle orvehicles.

In step 1650, the vehicle may perform at least one requested action suchas, but not limited to those described in step 1640. For example, thevehicle may stop or access an intersection or start movement in aparticular direction or speed up or slow down or change lanes or changelanes or initiate coordination with other vehicles to change lanes ortransit an intersection or take other vehicular actions. In anembodiment, in the response to the action request, the vehicle (or otherdevice) may interact with and/or coordinate with other nearby vehiclesand/or devices, for example, to coordinate to provide space in a lanefor a requested lane change. In an embodiment, a mobile phone, acting asa pedestrian device, may issue an audible request to a pedestrian totake a particular action such as to stop or to cross a street or toremain on the side walk or to back away from the street; such a requestmay be in response to avoiding oncoming traffic or to crossing a streetsafely or to provide additional buffer street from a street, forexample, to avoid splash from a puddle or to provide added safety bufferfrom out of control vehicles in slippery road conditions. In anembodiment, the vehicle or other mobile device, pedestrian device and/ordevice may also provide a status response to the roadside unit duringthe requested action or after the requested action is completed.

FIG. 17 illustrates three vectors between three vehicles wherein thethree vectors may be used to mathematically constrain the solutions forthe location of the three vehicles. As discussed above, using three GNSSreceivers, we can determine three baselines between any two receivers,i.e., Δ∇ϕ_(1,2) ^(i,j), Δ∇ϕ_(1,3) ^(i,j), Δ∇ϕ_(2,3) ^(i,j), and hence,three corresponding double difference ambiguities. The ambiguityconstrained according to the following, Δ∇N_(1,2) ^(i,j)+Δ∇N_(2,3)^(i,j)=Δ∇N_(1,3) ^(i,j), which may be utilized for integer ambiguityresolution thereby reducing the time of resolution and increasingreliability. Similarly, if the measurements from the three GNSSreceivers are processed together, we can form three position vectorsbetween the three receivers (1, 2, and 3), {right arrow over (P)}_(1,2),{right arrow over (P)}_(2,3), {right arrow over (P)}_(1,3), where {rightarrow over (P)}_(1,2)+{right arrow over (P)}_(2,3)={right arrow over(P)}_(1,3). This vector relationship is clearly illustrated in FIG. 17.The position vector constraint may be used to accelerate baseline and/orambiguity resolution and to improve reliability.

It is understood that various embodiments may be utilized to implementthe processes and methods disclosed above and that the processes andmethods disclosed may be implemented using various means, which maycomprise various combinations of hardware and software.

In various embodiments, and as discussed above, vehicle 100 may utilizelocation systems to determine location which may be communicated inlocation data elements to adjacent and/or nearby vehicles. Vehicle 100may use location in determining vehicular motion, for example, whenmerging lanes or in determining spacing between vehicles. Vehicle 100may exchange location information with adjacent or nearby vehicles tonegotiate and coordinate motion such as lane changes and in adjustingspacing between vehicles.

In this document, it is understood that the terms ID and identificationmay be utilized interchangeably.

In various embodiments, and as discussed above, vehicle 100, e.g.vehicle A 480 and vehicle B 490, may have circuitry and processingresources capable of obtaining location related measurements (e.g. forsignals received from GPS, GNSS or other Satellite Positioning System(SPS) satellites 410, WAN wireless transceiver 420 or WLAN or PAN localtransceiver 430 and possibly computing a position fix or estimatedlocation of vehicle 100 based on these location related measurements. Inthe presently illustrated example, location related measurementsobtained by vehicle 100 may include measurements of signals (412)received from satellites belonging to an SPS or Global NavigationSatellite System (GNSS) (410) such as GPS, GLONASS, Galileo or Beidouand/or may include measurements of signals (such as 422 and/or 432)received from terrestrial transmitters fixed at known locations (e.g.,such as WAN wireless transceiver 420). Vehicle 100 or a location server460 may then obtain a location estimate for vehicle 100 based on theselocation related measurements using any one of several position methodssuch as, for example, GNSS, Assisted GNSS (A-GNSS), Advanced ForwardLink Trilateration (AFLT), Observed Time Difference of Arrival (OTDOA)or Enhanced Cell ID (E-CID), network triangulation, Received SignalStrength Indication (RSSI) or combinations thereof. In some of thesetechniques (e.g. A-GNSS, AFLT and OTDOA, RSSI), pseudoranges, ranges ortiming differences may be measured at vehicle 100 relative to three ormore terrestrial transmitters at known locations or relative to four ormore satellites with accurately known orbital data, or combinationsthereof, based at least in part, on pilots, positioning referencesignals (PRS) or other positioning related signals transmitted by thetransmitters or satellites and received at vehicle 100. Servers mayprovide positioning assistance data to vehicle 100 including, forexample, information regarding signals to be measured (e.g., signaltiming and/or signal strength), locations and identities of terrestrialtransmitters, and/or signal, timing and orbital information for GNSSsatellites to facilitate positioning techniques such as A-GNSS, AFLT,OTDOA and E-CID. For example, location server 460 may comprise analmanac which indicates locations and identities of wirelesstransceivers and/or local transceivers in a particular region or regionssuch as a particular venue and may provide information descriptive ofsignals transmitted by a cellular base station or AP or mobileterrestrial transceiver such as transmission power and signal timing. Inthe case of E-CID, a vehicle 100 may obtain measurements of signalstrengths for signals received from WAN wireless transceiver 420 and/orwireless local area network (WLAN) or PAN local transceiver 430 and/ormay obtain a round trip signal propagation time (RTT) between vehicle100 and a WAN wireless transceiver 420 or wireless local transceiver430. A vehicle 100 may use these measurements together with assistancedata (e.g. terrestrial almanac data or GNSS satellite data such as GNSSAlmanac and/or GNSS Ephemeris information) received from a locationserver 460 to determine a location for vehicle 100 or may transfer themeasurements to a location server 460 to perform the same determination.

In various embodiments, location may be determined through variousmeans, as described above. For example, in an embodiment, the vehicle100 may determine its location with GNSS satellite signal measurements,with terrestrial transmitter signal measurements or some combinationthereof. In an embodiment, vehicle 100 may determine its location withLIDAR, RADAR, GNSS, sensors and various combinations thereof. In anembodiment, the vehicle 100 may determine its location usingaccelerometers and/or gyros and various sensors (wheel ticks, steeringdirection, etc.) to determine, via dead reckoning, distance anddirection traveled from the last determined position. In an embodiment,the vehicle 100 may determine its location using a combination ofsignals and sensors; for example, a location may be determined usingvarious signal measurements from GNSS and terrestrial transmitters andthen updated using dead reckoning. From a determined location, varioussignal measurements can be taken from visible transmitters to obtain anindication of distance of the transmitter from a determined location.The indication of distance may include signal strength or round-triptime or time of arrival or other distance estimation methods. New signalmeasurements may be taken at new determined locations. By combiningindications of distance to any given transmitter taken from multiplelocations, whether by one device or by a plurality of devices, thelocation of a transmitter, such as a WAN wireless transceiver 420 orWLAN or PAN local transceiver 430, may be determined. The location ofthe transmitter may be determined on vehicle 100 or on a crowd sourcingserver or on a location server 460 or other network-based server.

A vehicle (e.g. vehicle 100 in FIG. 2, e.g., vehicle A 480 and vehicle B490) may be referred to as a device, a car, a truck, a motorcycle, aflying device such as a plane or drone, a wireless device, a mobileterminal, a terminal, a mobile station (MS), a user equipment (UE), aSUPL Enabled Terminal (SET). Typically, though not necessarily, avehicle may support wireless communication such as using V2X, GSM,WCDMA, LTE, CDMA, HRPD, Wi-Fi, BT, WiMAX, Long Term Evolution (LTE), 5thGeneration Wireless (5G) or new radio access technology (NR), V2Xcommunication protocols, etc. A vehicle may also support wirelesscommunication using a wireless LAN (WLAN), personal area network (PAN)such as Bluetooth or ZigBee, DSL or packet cable for example. In anembodiment, a vehicle may support transmission of basic safety messages(BSM) including various data elements, such as one delineating that therespective vehicle is autonomously driven In an embodiment, a vehiclemay support transmission of ETSI cooperative awareness messages (CAM),for example, in an embodiment including various data elements such as adata element delineating that the respective vehicle is autonomouslydriven.

An estimate of a location of a vehicle (e.g., vehicle 100) may bereferred to as a location, location estimate, location fix, fix,position, position estimate or position fix, and may be geographic, thusproviding location coordinates for the vehicle (e.g., latitude andlongitude) which may or may not include an altitude component (e.g.,height above sea level, height above or depth below ground level, floorlevel or basement level). Alternatively, a location of a vehicle may beexpressed as a civic location (e.g., as a postal address or thedesignation of some point or small area in a building such as aparticular room or floor). A location of a vehicle may also be expressedas an area or volume (defined either geographically or in civic form)within which the vehicle is expected to be located with some probabilityor confidence level (e.g., 67% or 95%). A location of a vehicle mayfurther be a relative location comprising, for example, a distance anddirection or relative X, Y (and Z) coordinates defined relative to someorigin at a known location which may be defined geographically or incivic terms or by reference to a point, area or volume indicated on amap, floor plan or building plan. In the description contained herein,the use of the term location may comprise any of these variants unlessindicated otherwise.

Reference throughout this specification to “one example”, “an example”,“certain examples”, “in an embodiment”, or “exemplary implementation”means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic describedin connection with the feature and/or example may be included in atleast one feature and/or example of claimed subject matter. Thus, theappearances of the phrase “in one example”, “an example”, “in certainexamples” or “in certain implementations” or “in an embodiment” or otherlike phrases in various places throughout this specification are notnecessarily all referring to the same feature, example, and/orlimitation. Furthermore, the particular features, structures, orcharacteristics may be combined or modified in one or more examplesand/or features and across various embodiments. Also, references tocarrier phase, to GNSS carrier phase and/or to GNSS phase measurementsmay, in various embodiments, may apply to GNSS carrier phase and GNSScarrier phase measurements. However, these techniques may, in anembodiment, also be applied to other signal sources, such as terrestrialbase stations and access points. Furthermore, in various embodiments,other phase differences such as code phase differences may be utilizedeither in the alternative or in the combination with carrier phase. Thespecified embodiments are not intended to be limiting relative toimplementations, which may vary in detail; one skilled in the art willrealize that other non-specified embodiments may also be used with or tomodify the described embodiments.

Some portions of the detailed description included herein are presentedin terms of algorithms or symbolic representations of operations onbinary digital signals stored within a memory of a specific apparatus orspecial purpose computing device or platform. In the context of thisparticular specification, the term specific apparatus or the likeincludes a general-purpose computer once it is programmed to performparticular operations pursuant to instructions from program software.Algorithmic descriptions or symbolic representations are examples oftechniques used by those of ordinary skill in the signal processing orrelated arts to convey the substance of their work to others skilled inthe art. An algorithm is here, and generally, is considered to be aself-consistent sequence of operations or similar signal processingleading to a desired result. In this context, operations or processinginvolve physical manipulation of physical quantities. Typically,although not necessarily, such quantities may take the form ofelectrical or magnetic signals capable of being stored, transferred,combined, compared or otherwise manipulated. It has proven convenient attimes, principally for reasons of common usage, to refer to such signalsas bits, data, values, steps, symbols, characters, terms, numbers,numerals, or the like. It should be understood, however, that all ofthese or similar terms are to be associated with appropriate physicalquantities and are merely convenient labels. Unless specifically statedotherwise, as apparent from the discussion herein, it is appreciatedthat throughout this specification discussions utilizing terms such as“processing,” “computing,” “calculating,” “determining” or the likerefer to actions or processes of a specific apparatus, such as a specialpurpose computer, special purpose computing apparatus or a similarspecial purpose electronic computing device. In the context of thisspecification, therefore, a special purpose computer or a similarspecial purpose electronic computing device is capable of manipulatingor transforming signals, typically represented as physical electronic ormagnetic quantities within memories, registers, or other informationstorage devices, transmission devices, or display devices of the specialpurpose computer or similar special purpose electronic computing device.

Wireless communication techniques described herein may be in connectionwith various wireless communications networks such as a wireless widearea network (“WAN”), a wireless local area network (“WLAN”), a wirelesspersonal area network (PAN), and so on. The term “network” and “system”may be used interchangeably herein. A WAN may be a Code DivisionMultiple Access (“CDMA”) network, a Time Division Multiple Access(“TDMA”) network, a Frequency Division Multiple Access (“FDMA”) network,an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (“OFDMA”) network, aSingle-Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (“SC-FDMA”) network,Long Term Evolution (“LTE”), Fifth Generation (“5G”) or any combinationof the above networks, and so on. A CDMA network may implement one ormore radio access technologies (“RATs”) such as cdma2000, Wideband-CDMA(“W-CDMA”), to name just a few radio technologies. Here, cdma2000 mayinclude technologies implemented according to IS-95, IS-2000, and IS-856standards. A TDMA network may implement Global System for MobileCommunications (“GSM”), Digital Advanced Mobile Phone System (“D-AMPS”),or some other RAT. GSM and W-CDMA are described in documents from aconsortium named “3rd Generation Partnership Project” (“3GPP”). CDMA2000is described in documents from a consortium named “3rd GenerationPartnership Project 2” (“3GPP2”). 3GPP and 3GPP2 documents are publiclyavailable. 4G Long Term Evolution (“LTE”) communications networks mayalso be implemented in accordance with claimed subject matter, in anaspect. A WLAN may comprise an IEEE 802.11x network, and a PAN maycomprise a Bluetooth network, an IEEE 802.15x, comprising a Zigbeenetwork, for example. Wireless communication implementations describedherein may also be used in connection with any combination of WAN, WLANor PAN.

In another aspect, as previously mentioned, a wireless transmitter oraccess point may comprise a wireless transceiver device, utilized toextend cellular telephone service into a business or home or vehicle. Insuch an implementation, one or more vehicles may communicate with awireless transceiver device via a code division multiple access (“CDMA”)cellular communication protocol, for example.

Techniques described herein may be used with a satellite positioningsystem (“SPS”) that includes any one of several global navigationsatellite systems (“GNSS” such as the Global Positioning system “GPS”,the Russian GLONASS system and the European Union's Galileo system andthe Chinese BeiDou and BeiDou-2 systems) and/or combinations of GNSS.Furthermore, such techniques may be used with positioning systems thatutilize terrestrial transmitters acting as “pseudolites”, or acombination of SVs and such terrestrial transmitters. Terrestrialtransmitters may, for example, include ground-based transmitters thatbroadcast a PN code or other ranging code (e.g., similar to a GPS orCDMA cellular signal). Such a transmitter may be assigned a unique PNcode so as to permit identification by a remote receiver. Terrestrialtransmitters may be useful, for example, to augment an SPS in situationswhere SPS signals from an orbiting SV might be unavailable, such as intunnels, mines, buildings, urban canyons or other enclosed areas.Another implementation of pseudolites is known as radio-beacons. Theterm “SV”, as used herein, is intended to include terrestrialtransmitters acting as pseudolites, equivalents of pseudolites, andpossibly others. The terms “SPS signals” and/or “SV signals”, as usedherein, is intended to include SPS-like signals from terrestrialtransmitters, including terrestrial transmitters acting as pseudolitesor equivalents of pseudolites.

In the preceding detailed description, numerous specific details havebeen set forth to provide a thorough understanding of claimed subjectmatter. However, it will be understood by those skilled in the art thatclaimed subject matter may be practiced without these specific details.In other instances, methods and apparatuses that would be known by oneof ordinary skill have not been described in detail so as not to obscureclaimed subject matter.

The terms, “and”, “or”, and “and/or” as used herein may include avariety of meanings that also are expected to depend at least in partupon the context in which such terms are used. Typically, “or” if usedto associate a list, such as A, B or C, is intended to mean A, B, and C,here used in the inclusive sense, as well as A, B or C, here used in theexclusive sense. In addition, the term “one or more” as used herein maybe used to describe any feature, structure, or characteristic in thesingular or may be used to describe a plurality or some othercombination of features, structures or characteristics. Though, itshould be noted that this is merely an illustrative example and claimedsubject matter is not limited to this example.

While there has been illustrated and described what are presentlyconsidered to be example features, it will be understood by thoseskilled in the art that various other modifications may be made, andequivalents may be substituted, without departing from claimed subjectmatter. Additionally, many modifications may be made to adapt aparticular situation to the teachings of claimed subject matter withoutdeparting from the central concept described herein.

Therefore, it is intended that claimed subject matter not be limited tothe particular examples disclosed, but that such claimed subject mattermay also include all aspects falling within the scope of appendedclaims, and equivalents thereof.

For an implementation involving firmware and/or software, themethodologies may be implemented with modules (e.g., procedures,functions, and so on) that perform the functions described herein. Anymachine-readable medium tangibly embodying instructions may be used inimplementing the methodologies described herein. For example, softwarecodes may be stored in a memory and executed by a processor unit. Memorymay be implemented within the processor unit or external to theprocessor unit. As used herein the term “memory” refers to any type oflong term, short term, volatile, nonvolatile, or other memory and is notto be limited to any particular type of memory or number of memories, ortype of media upon which memory is stored.

If implemented in firmware and/or software, the functions may be storedas one or more instructions or code on a computer-readable storagemedium. Examples include computer-readable media encoded with a datastructure and computer-readable media encoded with a computer program.Computer-readable media includes physical computer storage media. Astorage medium may be any available medium that can be accessed by acomputer. By way of example, and not limitation, such computer-readablemedia can comprise RAM, ROM, FLASH, EEPROM, CD-ROM or other optical diskstorage, magnetic disk storage, semiconductor storage, or other storagedevices, or any other medium that can be used to store desired programcode in the form of instructions or data structures and that can beaccessed by a computer; disk and disc, as used herein, includes compactdisc (CD), laser disc, optical disc, digital versatile disc (DVD),floppy disk and Blu-ray disc where disks usually reproduce datamagnetically, while discs reproduce data optically with lasers.Combinations of the above should also be included within the scope ofcomputer-readable media.

In addition to storage on computer-readable storage medium, instructionsand/or data may be provided as signals on transmission media included ina communication apparatus. For example, a communication apparatus mayinclude a transceiver having signals indicative of instructions anddata. The instructions and data are configured to cause one or moreprocessors to implement the functions outlined in the claims. That is,the communication apparatus includes transmission media with signalsindicative of information to perform disclosed functions. At a firsttime, the transmission media included in the communication apparatus mayinclude a first portion of the information to perform the disclosedfunctions, while at a second time the transmission media included in thecommunication apparatus may include a second portion of the informationto perform the disclosed functions.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of interaction with a roadside unit,comprising: broadcasting, from a vehicle, location information andidentification information; receiving, at the vehicle from the roadsideunit, a request for periodic GNSS measurement data or sensor-basedmeasurement data or a combination thereof; sending, in response to therequest from the roadside unit for periodic GNSS measurement data orsensor-based measurement data or a combination thereof, from the vehicleto the roadside unit, the periodic GNSS measurement data or thesensor-based measurement data or the combination thereof; receiving, atthe vehicle from the roadside unit, an at least one action request; andperforming the at least one requested action.
 2. The method of claim 1,wherein the broadcast location information comprises latitude andlongitude information.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the broadcastlocation information comprises velocity and heading information.
 4. Themethod of claim 1, further comprising broadcasting status information orpriority information or a combination thereof.
 5. The method of claim 1,wherein the periodic GNSS measurement data comprises phase offsetinformation for at least one GNSS satellite signal.
 6. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the periodic GNSS measurement data comprisespseudorange information for at least one GNSS satellite signal.
 7. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the sensor-based measurement data comprisesvehicular acceleration data.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein thesensor-based measurement data comprises wheel rotational information. 9.The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one action request comprisesa request to stop and a stopping location.
 10. The method of claim 9,wherein the stopping location is relative to another vehicle, to apedestrian or to an object.
 11. The method of claim 9, wherein thestopping location is relative to an intersection.
 12. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the at least one action request comprises a request tochange lanes and a direction of lane change.
 13. The method of claim 1,wherein the at least one action request comprises a request tocoordinate actions with an at least one vehicle or to drive at aspecified velocity or combination thereof.
 14. A vehicle, comprising: awireless transceiver; a GNSS receiver; a memory; and one or moreprocessors, communicatively coupled to the wireless transceiver, theGNSS receiver and the memory; wherein the one or more processors areconfigured to: broadcast, via the wireless transceiver, locationinformation and identification information; receive, via the wirelesstransceiver, a request for periodic GNSS measurement data orsensor-based measurement data or a combination thereof, from a roadsideunit; send, via the wireless transceiver, in response to the requestfrom the roadside unit for periodic GNSS measurement data orsensor-based measurement data or a combination thereof, the periodicGNSS measurement data or the sensor-based measurement data or thecombination thereof to the roadside unit; receive, via the wirelesstransceiver, at least one action request from the roadside unit; andperform the at least one requested action.
 15. The vehicle of claim 14,wherein the broadcast location information comprises latitude andlongitude information.
 16. The vehicle of claim 14, wherein thebroadcast location information comprises velocity and headinginformation.
 17. The vehicle of claim 14, wherein the one or moreprocessors are further configured to broadcast status information orpriority information or a combination thereof.
 18. The vehicle of claim14, wherein the periodic GNSS measurement data comprises phase offsetinformation for at least one GNSS satellite signal.
 19. The vehicle ofclaim 14, wherein the periodic GNSS measurement data comprisespseudorange information for at least one GNSS satellite signal.
 20. Thevehicle of claim 14, wherein the sensor-based measurement data comprisesvehicular acceleration data.
 21. The vehicle of claim 14, wherein thesensor-based measurement data comprises wheel rotational information.22. The vehicle of claim 14, wherein the at least one action requestcomprises a request to stop and a stopping location.
 23. The vehicle ofclaim 22, wherein the stopping location is relative to another vehicle,to a pedestrian or to an object.
 24. The vehicle of claim 22, whereinthe stopping location is relative to an intersection.
 25. The vehicle ofclaim 14, wherein the at least one action request comprises a request tochange lanes and a direction of lane change.
 26. The vehicle of claim14, wherein the at least one action request comprises a request tocoordinate actions with an at least one vehicle or to drive at aspecified velocity or combination thereof.
 27. A vehicle, comprising:means for broadcasting location information and identificationinformation; means for receiving a request, for periodic GNSSmeasurement data or sensor-based measurement data or a combinationthereof, from a roadside unit; means for sending, in response to therequest from the roadside unit for periodic GNSS measurement data orsensor-based measurement data or a combination thereof, the periodicGNSS measurement data or the sensor-based measurement data or thecombination thereof to the roadside unit; means for receiving at leastone action request from the roadside unit; and means for performing atleast one requested action.
 28. The vehicle of claim 27, wherein theperiodic GNSS measurement data comprises phase offset information for atleast one GNSS satellite signal.
 29. The vehicle of claim 27, whereinthe periodic GNSS measurement data comprises pseudorange information forat least one GNSS satellite signal.
 30. A non-transitorycomputer-readable medium, having stored thereon computer-readableinstructions to cause one or more processors on a vehicle to: broadcast,from the vehicle, location information and identification information;receive, at the vehicle, a request, for periodic GNSS measurement dataor sensor-based measurement data or a combination thereof, from aroadside unit; send, in response to the request from the roadside unitfor periodic GNSS measurement data or sensor-based measurement data or acombination thereof, to the roadside unit, the periodic GNSS measurementdata or the sensor-based measurement data or the combination thereof tothe roadside unit; receive, at the vehicle, at least one action requestfrom the roadside unit; and perform, by the vehicle, at least onerequested action.